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Review
The Role of Endoscopy in Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors
Ji Yoon Yoon, Nikhil A. Kumta, Michelle Kang Kim
Clin Endosc 2021;54(6):818-824.   Published online April 1, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.296
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) represent approximately one-third of NETs of the gastrointestinal tract, and their incidence is increasing. When determining if endoscopic resection is appropriate, endoscopic ultrasound is used to assess the lesion size and depth of invasion for duodenal NETs. A number of techniques, including endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), band-assisted EMR (band-EMR), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), and over-the-scope clip-assisted endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR), have been studied; however, the best technique for endoscopic resection remains unclear. The vast majority of currently available data are retrospective, and prospective studies with longer follow-up times are required. For jejunal and ileal NETs, endoscopic techniques such as video capsule endoscopy (VCE) and balloon enteroscopy (BE) assist in diagnosis. This includes localization of the primary NET in metastatic disease where initial workup has been negative, and the identification of multifocal disease, which may change management and prognostication.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Namrata Vijayvergia, Linda S. Lee, Bryson W. Katona
    Gastroenterology.2026; 170(1): 34.     CrossRef
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    Mohamed S. EL Shahawy
    Annals of Medicine & Surgery.2026; 88(2): 1881.     CrossRef
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    Da-Bin Jeong, Sang-Gyun Kim, Soo-Jeong Cho
    The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2025; 25(1): 54.     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment of duodenal neuroendocrine tumours: the experience of the P.A. Hertsen Moscow Oncology Research Institute
    V. I. Ryabtseva, S. S. Pirogov, I. B. Perfiliev, D. G. Sukhin, M. A. Paronian, G. F. Minibaeva, N. S. Goeva, N. N. Volchenko
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  • Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms—A Review
    Sai Swarupa Vulasala, Mayur Virarkar, Dheeraj Gopireddy, Rebecca Waters, Ahmad Alkhasawneh, Ziad Awad, Jessica Maxwell, Nisha Ramani, Sindhu Kumar, Nirmal Onteddu, Ajaykumar C. Morani
    Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography.2024; 48(4): 563.     CrossRef
  • Performance of capsule endoscopy for the detection of small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors in familial carcinoid: a prospective single-site study
    Derek Tang, Ramona Lim, Louis Korman, Joanne Forbes, Kristen Ellsbury, Sungyoung Auh, Apurva Trivedi, Clara C. Chen, Marybeth Hughes, Stephen Wank
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2024; 99(2): 227.     CrossRef
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    Yichan Zhou, James Weiquan Li, Noriya Uedo
    Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology.2024; 68: 101889.     CrossRef
  • Improvements and future perspective in diagnostic tools for neuroendocrine neoplasms
    Sara Massironi, Marianna Franchina, Davide Ippolito, Federica Elisei, Olga Falco, Cesare Maino, Fabio Pagni, Alessandra Elvevi, Luca Guerra, Pietro Invernizzi
    Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism.2024; 19(4): 349.     CrossRef
  • Quantitative characterization of duodenal gastrinoma autofluorescence using multiphoton microscopy
    Thomas G. Knapp, Suzann Duan, Juanita L. Merchant, Travis W. Sawyer
    Lasers in Surgery and Medicine.2023; 55(2): 208.     CrossRef
  • Ileal Neuroendocrine Tumors Detected During Screening or Diagnostic Colonoscopy — Case Series and Comparison of Tumor Characteristics
    Kaden R. Narayani, Raj I. Narayani
    Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer.2023; 54(4): 1374.     CrossRef
  • Imaging of Small-Bowel Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: AJR Expert Panel Narrative Review
    Patrick J. Navin, Eric C. Ehman, Jason B. Liu, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, Akshya Gupta, Andrea Laghi, Don C. Yoo, Laura R. Carucci, Wolfgang Schima, Shannon P. Sheedy
    American Journal of Roentgenology.2023; 221(3): 289.     CrossRef
  • Magnifying Endoscopy with Narrow-Band Imaging for Duodenal Neuroendocrine Tumors
    Gwang Ha Kim, Kiyoun Yi, Dong Chan Joo, Moon Won Lee, Hye Kyung Jeon, Bong Eun Lee
    Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(9): 3106.     CrossRef
  • Long-term outcomes of endoscopic resection for duodenal neuroendocrine tumors
    Kiyoun Yi, Gwang Ha Kim, Su Jin Kim, Cheol Woong Choi, Moon Won Lee, Bong Eun Lee, Geun Am Song
    Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic full-thickness resection of well-differentiated T2 neuroendocrine tumors in the duodenal bulb: a case series
    Sarah Dwyer, Shaffer Mok
    VideoGIE.2022; 7(5): 196.     CrossRef
  • State of the Art in Endoscopic Therapy for the Management of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
    Apostolis Papaefthymiou, Faidon-Marios Laskaratos, Apostolos Koffas, Anastasios Manolakis, Paraskevas Gkolfakis, Sergio Coda, Mikael Sodergren, Noriko Suzuki, Christos Toumpanakis
    Current Treatment Options in Oncology.2022; 23(7): 1014.     CrossRef
  • The utility of near infrared autofluorescence imaging for detecting small bowel carcinoid tumors in comparison to DOTATATE PET: A pilot study
    Eren Berber, Onuralp Ergun, Seyma Avci, Gizem Isiktas, Mohammed Osman, Paresh Mahajan
    Journal of Surgical Oncology.2022; 126(7): 1199.     CrossRef
  • Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors
    Conrad J. Fernandes, Galen Leung, Jennifer R. Eads, Bryson W. Katona
    Gastroenterology Clinics of North America.2022; 51(3): 625.     CrossRef
  • 9,598 View
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  • 15 Web of Science
  • 17 Crossref
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Focused Review Series: Endoscopic approaches to Neuroendocrine Tumors
Diagnosis and Management of Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors
Shreya Chablaney, Zachary A. Zator, Nikhil A. Kumta
Clin Endosc 2017;50(6):530-536.   Published online November 30, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.134
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
The incidence of rectal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has increased by almost ten-fold over the past 30 years. There has been a heightened awareness of the malignant potential of rectal NETs. Fortunately, many rectal NETs are discovered at earlier stages due to colon cancer screening programs. Endoscopic ultrasound is useful in assessing both residual tumor burden after retrospective diagnosis and tumor characteristics to help guide subsequent management. Current guidelines suggest endoscopic resection of rectal NETs ≤10 mm as a safe therapeutic option given their low risk of metastasis. Although a number of endoscopic interventions exist, the best technique for resection has not been identified. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has high complete and en-bloc resection rates, but also an increased risk of complications including perforation. In addition, ESD is only performed at tertiary centers by experienced advanced endoscopists. Endoscopic mucosal resection has been shown to have variable complete resection rates, but modifications to the technique such as the addition of band ligation have improved outcomes. Prospective studies are needed to further compare the available endoscopic interventions, and to elucidate the most appropriate course of management of rectal NETs.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Luis F. Lara
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2026; 103(2): 343.     CrossRef
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    Sung Sil Park, Byung Chang Kim, Dong-eun Lee, Hee Jin Chang, Kyung Su Han, Bun Kim, Chang Won Hong, Dae Kyung Sohn, Dong Woon Lee, Kiho You, Sung Chan Park, Jae Hwan Oh
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2025; 101(6): 1222.     CrossRef
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    Ziyue Chen, Dajian Zhu
    Frontiers in Oncology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Panagiotis Alexandros Drakos, Antonia A Prountzopoulou, Efrossini Totskas, Konstantinos Stamou
    Oxford Medical Case Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Jong Sun Park, Hye Lynn Jeon, Bumhee Park, Jong Hoon Park, Gil Ho Lee, Sun Gyo Lim, Sung Jae Shin, Kee Myung Lee, Choong-Kyun Noh
    Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(6): 871.     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-guided SSTR PET/CT imaging in the management of patients with small (<2 cm) gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms: A multicenter study
    Xiang Li, Yirong Wang, Fang Xie, Haojun Chen, Ming Han, Zefei Zhang, Xiang Zhou, Sihao Jia, Herui Li, Jing Wang, Fei Kang
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    Ke Liu, Zhen-Yu Wang, Li-Zhi Yi, Feng Li, Shun-Hui He, Xi-Gang Zhang, Chun-Xiao Lai, Zhi-Jian Li, Lin Qiu, Rui-Ya Zhang, Wen Wu, Yu Lin, Hui Yang, Gui-Ming Liu, Quan-Sheng Guan, Zhi-Fang Zhao, Li-Ming Cheng, Jie Dai, Yang Bai, Fang Xie, Meng-Nan Zhang, Su
    World Journal of Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Ji Eun Kim
    Journal of Digestive Cancer Research.2025; 13(3): 228.     CrossRef
  • Risk Factor Analysis of Lymph Node Metastasis for Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors: Who Needs a Radical Resection in Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors Sized 1–2 cm?
    Jin Sun Choi, Min Jung Kim, Rumi Shin, Ji Won Park, Seung Chul Heo, Seung-Yong Jeong, Kyu Joo Park, Seung-Bum Ryoo
    Annals of Surgical Oncology.2024; 31(4): 2414.     CrossRef
  • Clinicopathologic and Endosonographic Characteristics of Colon Subepithelial Tumors Discovered Incidentally
    Aryoung Kim, Sung Noh Hong, Dong Kyung Chang, Young-Ho Kim, Ji Eun Kim, Eun Ran Kim
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  • Impact of grade on workup of rectal neuroendocrine tumors: a retrospective cohort study
    Akie Watanabe, Sabrina Rai, Lily Yip, Carl J. Brown, Jonathan M. Loree, Heather C. Stuart
    World Journal of Surgical Oncology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Seong-Jung Kim, Jun Lee, Gang-Woo Kim, So Yeong Kim
    Surgical Endoscopy.2024; 38(8): 4260.     CrossRef
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    Venu G. Bangla, Armon Panahi, Ava Adler, Celia M. Divino
    World Journal of Colorectal Surgery.2024; 13(3): 71.     CrossRef
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    Indian Journal of Colo-Rectal Surgery.2024; 7(2): 28.     CrossRef
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    ANZ Journal of Surgery.2023; 93(4): 1056.     CrossRef
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    Ce Zhou, Furong Zhang, Yinghua We
    Annals of Saudi Medicine.2023; 43(3): 179.     CrossRef
  • Cap-Assisted Endoscopic Mucosal Resection for Rectal Neuroendocrine Tumors: An Effective Option
    Mafalda João, Susana Alves, Miguel Areia, Luís Elvas, Daniel Brito, Sandra Saraiva, Raquel Martins, Ana Teresa Cadime
    GE - Portuguese Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 30(2): 107.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy and safety of ligation-assisted endoscopic submucosal resection combined with endoscopic ultrasonography for treatment of rectal neuroendocrine tumors
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    Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 57(6): 734.     CrossRef
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    World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2022; 14(4): 276.     CrossRef
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    Conrad J. Fernandes, Galen Leung, Jennifer R. Eads, Bryson W. Katona
    Gastroenterology Clinics of North America.2022; 51(3): 625.     CrossRef
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    Hussein Hassan Okasha, Katarzyna M. Pawlak, Amr Abou-elmagd, Ahmed El-Meligui, Hassan Atalla, Mohamed O. Othman, Sameh Abou Elenin, Ahmed Alzamzamy, Reem Ezzat Mahdy
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    Benjamin E. Ueberroth, Alex J. Liu, Jason S. Starr, Timothy J. Hobday, Jonathan B. Ashman, Nitin Mishra, Tanios S. Bekaii-Saab, Thorvardur R. Halfdanarson, M. Bassam Sonbol
    Clinical Colorectal Cancer.2021; 20(2): e139.     CrossRef
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    Shun Ito, Satoshi Ono, Akihiro Kobayashi, Kyohei Maejima, Shosuke Hosaka, Kiyotaka Umeki, Shin-ichiro Sato, Satoshi Wakasugi, Kenji Ogata
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    Ik Hyun Jo, Kang-Moon Lee, Dae Bum Kim, Ji Min Lee
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    Zhi-Jie Wang, Ke An, Rui Li, Wei Shen, Man-Dula Bao, Jin-Hua Tao, Jia-Nan Chen, Shi-Wen Mei, Hai-Yu Shen, Yun-Bin Ma, Fu-Qiang Zhao, Fang-Ze Wei, Qian Liu
    World Journal of Gastroenterology.2019; 25(34): 5197.     CrossRef
  • Management of Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors
    Rongzhi Wang, Rui Zheng-Pywell, H Alexander Chen, James A Bibb, Herbert Chen, J Bart Rose
    Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Seun Ja Park
    Clinical Endoscopy.2017; 50(6): 516.     CrossRef
  • 17,282 View
  • 421 Download
  • 43 Web of Science
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Review
Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy: Establishing a New Program
Nikhil A. Kumta, Shivani Mehta, Prashant Kedia, Kristen Weaver, Reem Z. Sharaiha, Norio Fukami, Hitomi Minami, Fernando Casas, Monica Gaidhane, Arnon Lambroza, Michel Kahaleh
Clin Endosc 2014;47(5):389-397.   Published online September 30, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2014.47.5.389
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder characterized by incomplete relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and aperistalsis of the esophageal body. Treatment of achalasia is aimed at decreasing the resting pressure in the LES. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM), derived from natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and advances in endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), presents a novel, minimally invasive, and curative endoscopic treatment for achalasia. POEM involves an esophageal mucosal incision followed by creation of a submucosal tunnel crossing the esophagogastric junction and myotomy before closure of the mucosal incision. Although the procedure is technically demanding and requires a certain degree of skill and competency, treatment success is high (90%) with low complication rates. Since the first described POEM in humans in 2010, it has been used increasingly at centers worldwide. This article reviews available published clinical studies demonstrating POEM efficacy and safety in order to present a proposal on how to establish a dedicated POEM program and reach base proficiency for the procedure.

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  • 124 Download
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