Hypoxemia is a frequent and potentially fatal complication occurring in patients during gastrointestinal endoscopy. The administration of propofol sedation increases the risk of most complications, especially hypoxemia. Nevertheless, propofol has been increasingly used in the United States, and the trend is likely to increase in the years to come. Patient satisfaction and endoscopist satisfaction along with rapid turnover are some of the touted reasons for this trend. However, propofol sedation generally implies deep sedation or general anesthesia. As a result, hypopnea and apnea frequently occur. Inadequate sedation and presence of irritable airway often cause coughing and laryngospasm, both leading to hypoxemia and potential cardiac arrest. Hence, prevention of hypoxemia is of paramount importance. Traditionally, standard nasal cannula is used to administer supplement oxygen. However, it cannot sufficiently provide continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or positive pressure ventilation. Device manufacturers have stepped in to fill this void and created many types of cannulas that provide apneic insufflation of oxygen and CPAP and eliminate dead space. Such measures decrease the incidence of hypoxemia. This review aimed to provide essential information of some of these devices.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Comparison of Nasopharyngeal Airway with Endoscopic Respiratory Mask for Hypoxemia in Painless Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Obese Outpatients: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial Dongmei Xiang, Lei Deng, Rui Zhou, Xianjie Zhang, Lei Tian, Wencai Jiang, Yukai Zhou, Wenya Chen, Yanhua Peng Medical Devices: Evidence and Research.2025; Volume 18: 97. CrossRef
Prospective Single-Arm Study of Remifentanil-Propofol Anesthesia with Manual Right Hypochondrial Compression for Painless Gastroscopy in Obese Patients Mengxia Wang, Jieke Tang, Zhaojie Pan, Hongxue Jiang, Donghua Hu, Beibei Zhu, Zhaojia Liang, Xiangfeng Zhao, Yalan Li Drug Design, Development and Therapy.2025; Volume 19: 877. CrossRef
Impact of a simple non-invasive nasal mask device on intraprocedural hypoxemia in overweight individuals undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with sedation provided by a non-anesthesiologist provider Jan Drews, Jonas Harder, Hannah Kaiser, Miriam Soenarjo, Dorothee Spahlinger, Peter Wohlmuth, Sebastian Wirtz, Ralf Eberhardt, Florian Bornitz, Torsten Bunde, Thomas von Hahn Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(2): 196. CrossRef
Noninvasive respiratory support with high-flow nasal cannula in endoscopic surgery in a patient with Legionella Pneumophila pneumonia: a case report Vincenzo Pota, Francesco Coppolino, Annamaria Auricchio, Francesca Cardella, Maurizio Del Prete, Antonio Scalvenzi, Pasquale Sansone, Maria Beatrice Passavanti, Maria Caterina Pace Perioperative Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Sedation for GI Endoscopy in the Morbidly Obese: Challenges and Possible Solutions Lalitha Sundararaman, Basavana Goudra Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(16): 4635. CrossRef
Should We Use High-Flow Nasal Cannula in Patients Receiving Gastrointestinal Endoscopies? Critical Appraisals through Updated Meta-Analyses with Multiple Methodologies and Depiction of Certainty of Evidence Chi Chan Lee, Teressa Reanne Ju, Pei Chun Lai, Hsin-Ti Lin, Yen Ta Huang Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(13): 3860. CrossRef
An intravenous anesthetic drug-propofol, influences the biological characteristics of malignant tumors and reshapes the tumor microenvironment: A narrative literature review Xueliang Zhou, Yanfei Shao, Shuchun Li, Sen Zhang, Chengsheng Ding, Lei Zhuang, Jing Sun Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Endo-anesthesia: a primer Fateh Bazerbachi, Rodger M White, Nauzer Forbes, Basavana Goudra, Barham K Abu Dayyeh, Vinay Chandrasekhara, BobbieJean Sweitzer Gastroenterology Report.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
High-flow oxygen via oxygenating mouthguard in short upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: A randomised controlled trial Kim Hay Be, Leonardo Zorron Cheng Tao Pu, Brett Pearce, Matthew Lee, Luke Fletcher, Rebecca Cogan, Philip Peyton, Rhys Vaughan, Marios Efthymiou, Sujievvan Chandran World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2022; 14(12): 777. CrossRef
Background /Aims: The landscape of sedation for gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic procedures and the nature of the procedures themselves have changed over the last decade. In this study, an attempt is made to analyze the frequency and etiology of all major adverse events associated with GI endoscopy.
Methods All adverse events extracted from the electronic database and local registry were analyzed. Although the data analysis was retrospective, the adverse events themselves were documented prospectively. These events were evaluated after subdivision into propofol-based anesthesia and intravenous conscious sedation groups.
Results Cardiorespiratory events, including cardiac arrest, were the most common adverse events during esophagogastroduodenoscopy, while bleeding was more frequent in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Pancreatitis was the most frequent adverse event in patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The frequencies of most adverse events were significantly higher in patients anesthetized with propofol. Automatic regression modeling showed that the type of sedation, the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, and the procedure type were some of the predictors of immediate life-threatening complications.
Conclusions Clearly, our regression modeling suggests a strong association between the type of sedation as well as various patient factors and the frequency of adverse events. The possible reasons for our results are the changing demographics, the worsening comorbidities of the patient population, and the increasing technical complexity of these procedures. Although extensive use of propofol has increased patient satisfaction and procedure acceptability, its use is also associated with more frequent adverse events.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Безопасность и эффективность проведения процедурной седации у пациентов с диагностической колоноскопией: проспективное когортное исследование Р. Е. Лещенко, Надежда Степановна Давыдова, Г. В. Собетова Annals of Critical Care.2025; (1): 92. CrossRef
Core curriculum for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy with a focus on practice: a proposal from the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Hong Sub Lee, Yun Jeong Lim, Jong-Jae Park Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(2): 218. CrossRef
Clinical Trial: The Optimal Timing of the Endoscope Insertion After Oral Lidocaine Spray. A Randomized Controlled Trial Hsueh‐Chien Chiang, Chien‐Ming Chiang, Wei‐Lun Chang, Meng‐Ying Lin Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2025; 40(6): 1428. CrossRef
Just a touch of propofol for the colonoscopy: should the anesthesiologist be concerned? Ryan Chadha Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie.2025; 72(4): 521. CrossRef
Risk factors for adverse reactions to nurse-administered propofol during outpatient endoscopy: a cross-sectional study Renzo Inca Villanueva, Cynthia Bazán Montero, María Estela Bulnes-Montánchez, Lary Salazar Alva, José Salvador Carrillo, Alejandra Zevallos, Fernando Salazar BMC Anesthesiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy procedure volume trends, perioperative mortality, and malpractice claims: Population-based analysis Nelli Nurminen, Tommi Järvinen, Eric Robinson, Nanruoyi Zhou, Silja Salo, Jari Räsänen, Ville Kytö, Ilkka Ilonen Endoscopy International Open.2024; 12(03): E385. CrossRef
Predictors and impact of aspiration pneumonia in patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy: national inpatient sample 2016–2020 Jay Patel, Aalam Sohal, Hunza Chaudhry, Shivam Kalra, Isha Kohli, Ishandeep Singh, Dino Dukovic, Juliana Yang European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2024; 36(3): 298. CrossRef
Providing Safe Anesthetic Care and Sedation for GI Endoscopy Sheetal Kedar, Ryan M. Chadha Current Anesthesiology Reports.2024; 14(2): 161. CrossRef
Sedation for GI Endoscopy in the Morbidly Obese: Challenges and Possible Solutions Lalitha Sundararaman, Basavana Goudra Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(16): 4635. CrossRef
Epidemiology of complications in anesthesiology and possible ways of their prevention A. M. Ziganshin, R. M. Marakanov, A. R. Mulyukov, D. O. Baboyan, R. B. Nadyrgulov, N. M. Gilyazitdinov Acta Biomedica Scientifica.2024; 9(4): 203. CrossRef
Cost-Effectiveness of Earlier or More Intensive Colorectal Cancer Screening in Overweight and Obese Patients Aaron Yeoh, Ajitha Mannalithara, Uri Ladabaum Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2023; 21(2): 507. CrossRef
Gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures under intravenous sedation in the prone position: keep LMA gastro handy! Anju Gupta, Rajeshwari Subramaniam, Pyarelal R Rathod, Mussavvir Agha Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing.2023; 37(2): 715. CrossRef
Utility of high-flow nasal oxygen in comparison to conventional oxygen therapy during upper gastrointestinal endoscopic procedures under sedation: A systematic review and meta-analyses Puneet Khanna, Damarla Haritha, Aditi Das, Soumya Sarkar, Avishek Roy Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 42(1): 53. CrossRef
Hallazgos endoscópicos observados en pacientes con COVID-19 moderado a severo: un estudio de corte transversal Viviana Parra Izquierdo, Juan Sebastián Frías Ordoñez, Jenny Paola Navarro Morantes, Humberto Navarro Morantes, Kimberly Tatiana Castro Ruíz, Cristina Navarro Morantes, Jesús David Castillo, Cristian Flórez Sarmiento Revista colombiana de Gastroenterología.2023; 38(1): 28. CrossRef
Nasal continuous positive pressure versus simple face mask oxygenation for adult obese and obstructive sleep apnea patients undergoing colonoscopy under propofol-based general anesthesia without tracheal intubation: A randomized controlled trial Daniel S. Cukierman, Manuel Perez, Juan J. Guerra-Londono, Richard Carlson, Katherine Hagan, Semhar Ghebremichael, Carin Hagberg, Phillip S. Ge, Gottumukkala S. Raju, Andrew Rhim, Juan P. Cata Journal of Clinical Anesthesia.2023; 89: 111196. CrossRef
Comparison of the Jcerity endoscoper airway and the endotracheal tube in endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation: a prospective randomized controlled trial Le Zhang, Lu Li, Jun Wang, Can Zhao, Erxian Zhao, Yanrong Li, Yunqi Lv Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Leitlinienreport der aktualisierten S3-Leitlinie „Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) Pia Lorenz, Till Wehrmann, Andrea Riphaus, Alexander J. Eckardt, Peter Klare, Ina Koop, Nadine Fischer, Petra Lynen Jansen Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie.2023; 61(09): e628. CrossRef
Aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie „Sedierung in der gastrointestinalen Endoskopie“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) Till Wehrmann, Andrea Riphaus, Alexander J. Eckardt, Peter Klare, Ina Kopp, Stefan von Delius, Ulrich Rosien, Peter H. Tonner Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie.2023; 61(09): 1246. CrossRef
Updated S3 Guideline “Sedation for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy” of the German Society of Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS) – June 2023 – AWMF-Register-No. 021/014 Till Wehrmann, Andrea Riphaus, Alexander J. Eckardt, Peter Klare, Ina Kopp, Stefan von Delius, Ulrich Rosien, Peter H. Tonner Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie.2023; 61(11): e654. CrossRef
Effect of Premedication with Glycopyrrolate on Patient Tolerance and Procedure Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Unsedated Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Randomized Placebo-controlled Trial Pazhanivel Mohan, Kuppusamy Senthamizhselvan, Rajendiran Ramalingam, KT Harichandrakumar Euroasian journal of hepato-gastroenterology.2023; 13(2): 55. CrossRef
Procedural sedation analgesia in the elderly patient Abdelazeem Ali Eldawlatly, Mohamed Bilal Delvi, Abdulaziz Ahmad Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia.2023; 17(4): 533. CrossRef
Impact of High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygenation on the Prevention of Hypoxia During Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial Man-Jong Lee, Boram Cha, Jin-Seok Park, Jung Soo Kim, Sang Yong Cho, Joung-Ho Han, Mi Hwa Park, Chunwoo Yang, Seok Jeong Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2022; 67(8): 4154. CrossRef
Oliceridine- Opioid of the 21st Century Basavana Goudra Saudi Journal of Anaesthesia.2022; 16(1): 69. CrossRef
Effect of remimazolam tosilate on early cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy Yingjie Tan, Wen Ouyang, Yongzhong Tang, Ning Fang, Chao Fang, Chengxuan Quan Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2022; 37(3): 576. CrossRef
Academy of Medicine, Singapore clinical guideline on the use of sedation by
non-anaesthesiologists during gastrointestinal endoscopy in the hospital setting Tiing Leong Ang, Edwin Seet, Yaw Chong Goh, Wee Khoon Ng, Calvin Jianyi Koh, Hock Foong Lui, James Weiquan Li, Aung Myint Oo, Kieron Boon Leng Lim, Kok Sun Ho, Min Hoe Chew, Wai Leong Quan, Damien Meng Yew Tan, Kheng Hong Ng, Hak Su Goh, Wai Kit Cheong, P Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.2022; 51(1): 24. CrossRef
Patient-reported experiences and views on the Cytosponge test: a mixed-methods analysis from the BEST3 trial Roberta Maroni, Jessica Barnes, Judith Offman, Fiona Scheibl, Samuel G Smith, Irene Debiram-Beecham, Jo Waller, Peter Sasieni, Rebecca C Fitzgerald, Greg Rubin, Fiona M Walter BMJ Open.2022; 12(4): e054258. CrossRef
A self-assessment tool for predicting discomfort and tolerance in Chinese patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy Jinqing Ou, Kuiqing Lu, Junzhen Li, Xi Deng, Junhui He, Guijin Luo, Hongdan Mo, Lingli Lu, Man Yang, Jinqiu Yuan, Pingguang Lei BMC Gastroenterology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Adverse events associated with EGD and EGD-related techniques Nayantara Coelho-Prabhu, Nauzer Forbes, Nirav C. Thosani, Andrew C. Storm, Swati Pawa, Divyanshoo R. Kohli, Larissa L. Fujii-Lau, Sherif Elhanafi, Audrey H. Calderwood, James L. Buxbaum, Richard S. Kwon, Stuart K. Amateau, Mohammad A. Al-Haddad, Bashar J. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2022; 96(3): 389. CrossRef
Sedation by non-anaesthesiologists in gastrointestinal endoscopy Andrew Ming-Liang Ong, How Cheng Low, Christopher Tze Wei Chia Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore.2022; 51(7): 446. CrossRef
Remimazolam versus propofol for deep sedation/anaesthesia in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in elderly patients: A multicenter, randomized controlled trial Kejian Lu, Shanshan Wei, Wenwen Ling, Yanxia Wei, Xuelian Ran, Huageng Huang, Meixu Wang, Ning Wei, Yanying Liao, Zailing Qin, Meitao Pan, Qimei Wei, Liuhui Fu, Boquan Xiong, Chendong Ma, Jun Jiang, Yanjuan Huang Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics.2022; 47(12): 2230. CrossRef
High-flow nasal oxygenation during gastrointestinal endoscopy. Systematic review and meta-analysis Michele Carron, Enrico Tamburini, Bijan Safaee Fakhr, Alessandro De Cassai, Federico Linassi, Paolo Navalesi BJA Open.2022; 4: 100098. CrossRef
Effect of Remimazolam Tosilate on Respiratory Depression in Elderly Patients Undergoing Gastroscopy: A Multicentered, Prospective, and Randomized Study Bailong Hu, Ke Jiang, Wenyan Shi, Shixiang Xiao, Shili Zhang, Yongguo Zhang, Yuancheng Zhou, Chengwei Tan, Songjiang Tan, Xiaohua Zou Drug Design, Development and Therapy.2022; Volume 16: 4151. CrossRef
Prospective audit of the safety of endoscopist‐directed nurse‐administered propofol sedation in an Australian referral hospital Montri Gururatsakul, Richard Lee, Sureshkumar Kallippatti Ponnuswamy, Rajit Gilhotra, Cathal McGowan, Debra Whittaker, John Ombiga, Peter Boyd Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2021; 36(2): 490. CrossRef
Propofol-Induced Severe Necrotizing Pancreatitis Akarsh Parekh, Howard Zhang ACG Case Reports Journal.2021; 8(1): e00528. CrossRef
Recent Developments in Devices Used for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Sedation Basavana Goudra, Gowri Gouda, Preet Mohinder Singh Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(2): 182. CrossRef
The role of endoscopy and findings in COVID-19 patients, an early North American Cohort Gabriela Kuftinec, B. Joseph Elmunzer, Sunil Amin BMC Gastroenterology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Safety and Recipient Satisfaction of Propofol Sedation in Outpatient Endoscopy: A 24-Hour Prospective Investigation Using a Questionnaire Survey Yoshihide Kanno, Tetsuya Ohira, Yoshihiro Harada, Shinsuke Koshita, Takahisa Ogawa, Hiroaki Kusunose, Yoshiki Koike, Taku Yamagata, Toshitaka Sakai, Kaori Masu, Keisuke Yonamine, Kazuaki Miyamoto, Megumi Tanaka, Tomohiro Shimada, Fumisato Kozakai, Kazuki Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(3): 340. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the very elderly by using a combination of intravenous midazolam, ketamine and pethidine Salih Tokmak, Mehmet F Cetin, Serkan Torun Geriatrics & Gerontology International.2021; 21(10): 887. CrossRef
Implementing capnography to help improve patient safety during procedural sedation: quality improvement in a high-volume gastroenterology department Raf Bisschops, Rhodri Saunders, Christophe Dooms, Ilse Hoffman, Schalk van der Merwe, Rachel Weissbrod, Rafael Torrejon Torres, Gert Van Assche, Ingrid Demedts European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2021; 33(1S): e522. CrossRef
High Incidence of Burst Suppression during Propofol Sedation for Outpatient Colonoscopy: Lessons Learned from Neuromonitoring Jamie Bloom, David Wyler, Marc C. Torjman, Tuan Trinh, Lucy Li, Amy Mehta, Evan Fitchett, David Kastenberg, Michael Mahla, Victor Romo Anesthesiology Research and Practice.2020; 2020: 1. CrossRef
Comparison of the effects of methadone and butorphanol combined with acepromazine for canine gastroduodenoscopy Kati Maria Salla, Jaan Lepajoe, Marcus Vinicius Candido, Thomas Spillmann, Daniela Casoni Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia.2020; 47(6): 748. CrossRef
Medical, Political, and Economic Considerations for the Use of MAC for Endoscopic Sedation: Big Price, Little Justification? Basavana Goudra, Preet Mohinder Singh, Gary R. Lichtenstein Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2020; 65(9): 2466. CrossRef
Comparison of post-anesthesia recovery time in sedated patients for colonoscopy using midazolam or fentanyl associated with propofol Gisela Magnus, Gustavo de Freitas Flausino, Caroline Guimaraes Dantas de Siqueira, Gabriela Carvalho Simões Coelho, Maria Eduarda Casasanta Caetano, Renato Santiago Gomez Journal of Coloproctology.2020; 40(04): 368. CrossRef
Polypectomy Techniques Kelly T. Wagner, Eleanor Fung Surgical Clinics of North America.2020; 100(6): 1049. CrossRef
Safety of the LMA®Gastro™ for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Katherine B. Hagan, Richard Carlson, Benjamin Arnold, Linh Nguyen, Jeffrey Lee, Brian Weston, Mike Hernandez, Lei Feng, Tariq Syed, Carin A. Hagberg Anesthesia & Analgesia.2020; 131(5): 1566. CrossRef
Sedasyon Uygulanan Gastroskopik Girişimlerde Aneminin Integrated Pulmonary Index (IPI ) Skoruna Etkisi Hizir KAZDAL, Şule BATÇIK, Leyla KAZANCIOĞLU, İlkay BAHÇECİ, Remzi AKDOĞAN Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi.2020; 19(3): 109. CrossRef
GI Endoscopy Sedation in Patients with Cirrhosis: Routine or Unpredictable? Basavana Goudra, Preet Mohinder Singh Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2020; 65(4): 931. CrossRef
Acute pancreatitis associated with intravenous administration of propofol: evaluation of causality in a systematic review of the literature Samir Haffar, Ravinder Jeet Kaur, Sushil Kumar Garg, Joseph A Hyder, M Hassan Murad, Barham K Abu Dayyeh, Fateh Bazerbachi Gastroenterology Report.2019; 7(1): 13. CrossRef
Associations of anxiety with discomfort and tolerance in Chinese patients undergoing esophagogastroduodenoscopy Man Yang, Ling-Li Lu, Miao Zhao, Jun Liu, Qiu-Lan Li, Qin Li, Peng Xu, Lin Fu, Ling-Min Luo, Jun-Hui He, Wen-Bo Meng, Ping-Guang Lei, Jin-Qiu Yuan, John Green PLOS ONE.2019; 14(2): e0212180. CrossRef
Airway rescue during sedation Elizabeth M. Thackeray, Ken B. Johnson Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology.2019; 32(4): 464. CrossRef
High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy and hypoxia during gastroscopy with propofol sedation: a randomized multicenter clinical trial Yuxuan Lin, Xiaoqing Zhang, Lizhi Li, Mengyun Wei, Bin Zhao, Xiaojing Wang, Zhiying Pan, Jie Tian, Weifeng Yu, Diansan Su Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2019; 90(4): 591. CrossRef
Comparative Analysis of Anesthetic Legal Disputes between Older and Younger Patients Referred to the Korean Society of Anesthesiologists in 2009–2018 Sung-Ae Cho, Seok-Jin Lee, Tae-Yun Sung, Duk-Kyung Kim, Choon-Kyu Cho Annals of Geriatric Medicine and Research.2019; 23(4): 204. CrossRef
Comparison of a simplified nasal continuous positive airways pressure device with nasal cannula in obese patients undergoing colonoscopy during deep sedation Yiping Bai, Zeping Xu, Meera Chandrashekar, Paul J. St Jacques, Yafen Liang, Yandong Jiang, Koffi Kla European Journal of Anaesthesiology.2019; 36(9): 633. CrossRef
Rare Entities of Histopathological Findings in 755 Sleeve Gastrectomy Cases: a Synopsis of Preoperative Endoscopy Findings and Histological Evaluation of the Specimen Erkan Yardimci, Suleyman Bozkurt, Lutfullah Baskoy, Huseyin Kazim Bektasoglu, Melin Ozgun Gecer, Samet Yigman, Huseyin Akbulut, Halil Coskun Obesity Surgery.2018; 28(5): 1289. CrossRef
No increased risk of perforation during colonoscopy in patients undergoing propofol versus traditional sedation: A meta-analysis Minmin Xue, Jian Tian, Jing Zhang, Hongbin Zhu, Jun Bai, Sujuan Zhang, Qili Wang, Shuge Wang, Xuzheng Song, Donghong Ma, Jia Li, Yongmin Zhang, Wei Li, Dongxu Wang Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2018; 37(2): 86. CrossRef
2017 WSES guidelines for the management of iatrogenic colonoscopy perforation Nicola de’Angelis, Salomone Di Saverio, Osvaldo Chiara, Massimo Sartelli, Aleix Martínez-Pérez, Franca Patrizi, Dieter G. Weber, Luca Ansaloni, Walter Biffl, Offir Ben-Ishay, Miklosh Bala, Francesco Brunetti, Federica Gaiani, Solafah Abdalla, Aurelien Ami World Journal of Emergency Surgery.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Needs assessment survey for simulation‐based training for gastrointestinal endoscopy nurses Sol Yu, Young Sook Roh Nursing & Health Sciences.2018; 20(2): 247. CrossRef
Do we really need an anesthesiologist for routine colonoscopy in American Society of Anesthesiologist 1 and 2 patients? Joshua W. Sappenfield, Jeffrey D. White Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology.2018; 31(4): 463. CrossRef
Sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy in Australia Kate Leslie, James Sgroi Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology.2018; 31(4): 481. CrossRef
Airway Management During Upper GI Endoscopic Procedures: State of the Art Review Basavana Goudra, Preet Mohinder Singh Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2017; 62(1): 45. CrossRef
Training in ERCP and EUS in the UK anno 2017 Noor LH Bekkali, Gavin J Johnson Frontline Gastroenterology.2017; 8(2): 124. CrossRef
Raise the bar for safe sedation, not barriers for access to care Raymond A. Dionne The Journal of the American Dental Association.2017; 148(3): 133. CrossRef
Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy prior to Bariatric Surgery-Mandatory or Expendable? An Analysis of 801 Cases Stefan Wolter, Anna Duprée, Jameel Miro, Cornelia Schroeder, Marie-Isabelle Jansen, Clarissa Schulze-zur-Wiesch, Stefan Groth, Jakob Izbicki, Oliver Mann, Philipp Busch Obesity Surgery.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Reply to “State of the Art in Airway Management During GI Endoscopy: The Missing Pieces” Basavana Goudra, Preet Mohinder Singh Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2017; 62(5): 1388. CrossRef
Adverse Events by Sedation Type in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Joon Sung Kim, Byung-Wook Kim Clinical Endoscopy.2017; 50(2): 97. CrossRef
Nonoperating room anesthesia for endoscopic procedures Stephan Knigge, Klaus Hahnenkamp Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology.2017; 30(6): 652. CrossRef
Sedation-related Adverse Events Associated with a Diagnostic Upper Endoscopy: A Single Center-observational Study Jihyun Lee, Ki-Nam Shim, Kang Hoon Lee, Ko Eun Lee, Ji Young Chang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Mo Moon, Seong-Eun Kim, Hye-Kyung Jung, Sung-Ae Jung The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2017; 17(4): 185. CrossRef
Sedation during Endoscopy, Can We Take It Easy? Joo Hyun Lim The Korean Journal of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research.2017; 17(4): 163. CrossRef
Laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy for esophageal adenocarcinoma identified at laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass Halle B. Ellison, David M. Parker, Ryan D. Horsley, Daaron McField, Michael E. Friscia, Anthony T. Petrick International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2016; 25: 179. CrossRef