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Systematic Review and Meta-analysises
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography biliary drainage in the palliative management of malignant distal biliary obstruction: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Spyros Peppas, Advait Suvarnakar, Bara A. Abujaber, Nadera Altork, Amer Arman, Sayel Alzraikat, Akram I. Ahmad, Camille Boustani, Won Kyoo Cho
Received June 12, 2024  Accepted November 24, 2024  Published online May 9, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.155    [Epub ahead of print]
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Evidence suggests comparable outcomes between endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the biliary drainage of malignant distal biliary obstruction (MDBO). We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the EUS with ERCP in the management of MDBO.
Methods
We performed a literature search using the Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases, including randomized controlled trials comparing EUS and ERCP in patients with MDBO. Meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model using the STATA ver. 17.0 software.
Results
Both procedures were comparable in technical (risk ratio [RR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78–1.30) and clinical (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.85–1.41) success. No difference was identified in total adverse events (RR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.42–1.35), acute cholangitis (RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.43–1.62), stent patency (RR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.87–1.46) and mean stent patency time (mean difference, –0.01; 95% CI: –0.21 to 0.19). ERCP was associated with a higher risk of procedure-related pancreatitis (RR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04–0.68) and statistically non-significant higher risk for reintervention (RR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.37–1.01).
Conclusions
Although EUS and ERCP were comparable in terms of efficacy and safety, ERCP was associated with a higher risk of procedure-related pancreatitis and reintervention, with the latter finding not reaching statistical significance.
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Efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage of malignant biliary obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Yousaf Zafar, Hafsa Azam, Muhammad Abdullah Bin Azhar, Fabeeha Shaheen, Syed Sarmad Javaid, Laila Manzoor, Muaaz Masood, Rajesh Krishnamoorthi
Received July 3, 2024  Accepted September 24, 2024  Published online February 24, 2025  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.183    [Epub ahead of print]
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Malignant biliary obstruction is a major clinical challenge. We assessed the efficacy of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) compared with that of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography biliary drainage (ERCP-BD) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD).
Methods
We searched for randomized controlled trials comparing EUS-BD with ERCP or PTBD in treating malignant biliary obstruction. Using random-effects models, we synthesized risk ratios (RRs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A subgroup analysis was performed using a comparator (ERCP or PTBD).
Results
EUS-BD significantly reduced the risk of stent dysfunction (RR, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.33–0.64), with consistent results in subgroup analysis for ERCP (RR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.35–0.84) and PTBD (RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.22–0.61). It also lowered the risk of post-procedure pancreatitis (RR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07–0.83) and reduced tumor ingrowth or overgrowth risk (RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11–0.65), even when compared to ERCP alone (RR, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.11–0.70). EUS-BD demonstrated a lower risk of adverse events compared to PTBD (RR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.14–0.97) and reduced length of hospital stay (WMD, –1.03; 95% CI, –1.53 to –0.53) when compared to ERCP.
Conclusions
EUS-BD outperformed ERCP-BD and PTBD in reducing stent dysfunction, postprocedural pancreatitis, and tumor ingrowth or overgrowth.
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Original Articles
Efficacy and safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy for biliary drainage in hypervascular hepatocellular carcinoma: a retrospective study from Japan
Kenneth Tachi, Kazuo Hara, Nozomi Okuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Toshitaka Fukui, Ahmed Mohammed Sadek, Hossam El-Din Shaaban Mahmoud Ibrahim, Minako Urata, Takashi Kondo, Yoshitaro Yamamoto
Received April 2, 2024  Accepted July 29, 2024  Published online November 11, 2024  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.079    [Epub ahead of print]
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Biliary obstruction drainage in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with symptom palliation, improved access to chemotherapy, and improved survival. Stent placement and exchange via endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography biliary drainage risk traversing the HCC, a hypervascular tumor and causing bleeding. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) potentially prevents procedure-related bleeding. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of EUS-HGS as an alternative treatment for biliary obstruction in patients with HCC.
Methods
This was a retrospective study of all EUS-HGS procedures performed in patients with HCC at the Aichi Cancer Center Hospital, Japan, from February 2017 to August 2023.
Results
A total of 14 EUS-HGS procedures (42.9% primary) were attempted in 10 HCC patients (mean age 71.5 years, 80.0% male). Clinical and technical success rates were 92.9% and 90.9%, respectively. The observed procedure details in the 13 successful procedures included B3 puncture (53.8%), 22-G needle (53.8%), fully covered self-expandable metal stent (100%), and mean procedure time (32.7 minutes). There was no bleeding. Mild complications occurred in 27.3%. All patients resumed oral intake within 24 hours.
Conclusions
EUS-HGS is a technically feasible and clinically effective initial or salvage drainage option for the treatment of biliary obstruction in patients with HCC.
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Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-guided biliary drainage for distal malignant biliary obstruction due to pancreatic cancer with asymptomatic duodenal invasion: a retrospective, single-center study in Japan
Naminatsu Takahara, Yousuke Nakai, Kensaku Noguchi, Tatsunori Suzuki, Tatsuya Sato, Ryunosuke Hakuta, Kazunaga Ishigaki, Tomotaka Saito, Tsuyoshi Hamada, Mitsuhiro Fujishiro
Clin Endosc 2025;58(1):134-143.   Published online August 23, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.031
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Duodenal invasion (DI) is a risk factor for early recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-guided biliary drainage (ERCP-BD). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) may reduce early RBO in cases of asymptomatic DI, even when ERCP is possible.
Methods
We enrolled 56 patients with pancreatic cancer and asymptomatic DI who underwent EUS-HGS (n=25) or ERCP-BD (n=31). Technical and clinical success, early (<3 months) and overall RBO rates, time to RBO (TRBO), and adverse events were compared between the EUS-HGS and ERCP-BD groups. Risk factors for early RBO were also evaluated.
Results
Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Both procedures demonstrated 100% technical and clinical success rates, with a similar incidence of adverse events (48% vs. 39%, p=0.59). While the median TRBO was comparable (5.7 vs. 8.8 months, p=0.60), EUS-HGS was associated with a lower incidence of early RBO compared to ERCP-BD (8% vs. 29%, p=0.09). The major causes of early RBO in ERCP-BD were sludge and food impaction, rarely occurring in EUS-HGS. EUS-HGS was potentially reduced early RBO (odds ratio, 0.32; p=0.07).
Conclusions
EUS-HGS can be a viable option for treating pancreatic cancer with asymptomatic DI.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Biliary drainage in pancreatic cancer with duodenal invasion: which route is the best?
    Tanyaporn Chantarojanasiri, Thawee Ratanachu-Ek
    Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(1): 82.     CrossRef
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  • 306 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 1 Crossref
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Hepatobiliary scintigraphy of bile excretion after endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy for malignant biliary obstruction: a retrospective study in Japan
Masanori Yamada, Kazuo Hara, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Nozomi Okuno, Yasuhiro Kuraishi, Takafumi Yanaidani, Sho Ishikawa, Tsukasa Yasuda, Toshitaka Fukui
Clin Endosc 2024;57(6):798-806.   Published online August 20, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.291
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) is used to evaluate bile excretion. This study aimed to evaluate biliary excretion during endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) using HBS.
Methods
We retrospectively evaluated 78 consecutive patients with malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction, who underwent HBS after EUS-HGS between April 2015 and July 2022. The peak time and decay rate were scored with 0, 1, or 2 points based on thresholds of 20 and 35 minutes, and 10% and 50%, respectively. A total score of 4 or 3 was considered indicative of good bile excretion, whereas scores of 2, 1, or 0 indicated poor bile excretion.
Results
The good and poor bile excretion groups included 40 and 38 cases, respectively. The group with good bile excretion had a significantly longer time to recurrent biliary obstruction compared to the poor bile excretion group (not reached vs. 124 days, p=0.026). Multivariate analysis identified the site of obstruction as a significant factor influencing good bile excretion (odds ratio, 3.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.01–11.4, p=0.049), with superior bile excretion observed in cases involving upper biliary obstruction compared to middle or lower biliary obstruction.
Conclusions
In patients with malignant biliary obstruction who underwent HGS, the site of obstruction is significantly associated with stent patency.
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Potential of 6-mm-diameter fully covered self-expandable metal stents for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction: a propensity score-matched study
Daiki Yamashige, Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Yuta Maruki, Soma Fukuda, Shin Yagi, Kohei Okamoto, Hidenobu Hara, Yuya Hagiwara, Daiki Agarie, Tetsuro Takasaki, Akihiro Ohba, Shunsuke Kondo, Chigusa Morizane, Hideki Ueno, Miyuki Sone, Yutaka Saito, Takuji Okusaka
Clin Endosc 2025;58(1):121-133.   Published online July 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.044
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: To date, only thinner-diameter metal stents have been evaluated for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction (UR-MDBO). This study investigated the outcomes and optimal cohorts for a 6-mm-diameter fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) compared with those for a 10-mm-diameter FCSEMS.
Methods
This single-center retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent initial transpapillary metal stenting for UR-MDBO. Propensity score matching (1:1) analysis was performed.
Results
Of 133/68 patients who underwent 6-mm/10-mm-diameter FCSEMS deployment, 59 in each group were selected. The median time to recurrent biliary obstruction was not significantly different between the groups (p=0.46). In contrast, use of the 6-mm-diameter FCSEMS resulted in a significantly reduced incidence of stent-related adverse events (AEs) (p=0.016), especially cholecystitis (p=0.032), and patients aged <70 years were particularly affected by this significant reduction. Among the patients in the end-stage cohort who were unable to continue chemotherapy after FCSEMS deployment, the free rate of stent-related events, including recurrent biliary obstruction and stent-related AEs, was significantly higher in the 6-mm group (p=0.027).
Conclusions
For UR-MDBO, a 6-mm-diameter FCSEMS can be an optimal and safe option in the younger cohort with a relatively high risk of AEs and in the end-stage cohort requiring safer drainage without interference from stent-related events during times of poor prognosis.
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Impact of sarcopenia on biliary drainage during neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer
Kunio Kataoka, Eizaburo Ohno, Takuya Ishikawa, Kentaro Yamao, Yasuyuki Mizutani, Tadashi Iida, Hideki Takami, Osamu Maeda, Junpei Yamaguchi, Yukihiro Yokoyama, Tomoki Ebata, Yasuhiro Kodera, Hiroki Kawashima
Clin Endosc 2024;57(1):112-121.   Published online July 18, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.278
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Since the usefulness of neoadjuvant chemo(radiation) therapy (NAT) for pancreatic cancer has been demonstrated, recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) in patients with pancreatic cancer with a fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) during NAT is expected to increase. This study investigated the impact of sarcopenia on RBO in this setting.
Methods
Patients were divided into normal and low skeletal muscle index (SMI) groups and retrospectively analyzed. Patient characteristics, overall survival, time to RBO (TRBO), stent-related adverse events, and postoperative complications were compared between the two groups. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify the risk factors for short TRBO.
Results
A few significant differences were observed in patient characteristics, overall survival, stent-related adverse events, and postoperative complications between 38 patients in the normal SMI group and 17 in the low SMI group. The median TRBO was not reached in the normal SMI group and was 112 days in the low SMI group (p=0.004). In multivariate analysis, low SMI was the only risk factor for short TRBO, with a hazard ratio of 5.707 (95% confidence interval, 1.148–28.381; p=0.033).
Conclusions
Sarcopenia was identified as an independent risk factor for RBO in patients with pancreatic cancer with FCSEMS during NAT.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Endeavors to prevent stent malfunction: new insights into the risk factors for recurrent biliary obstruction
    Sung-Jo Bang
    Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(1): 56.     CrossRef
  • Skeletal muscle status and survival among patients with advanced biliary tract cancer
    Shinya Takaoka, Tsuyoshi Hamada, Naminatsu Takahara, Kei Saito, Go Endo, Ryunosuke Hakuta, Kota Ishida, Kazunaga Ishigaki, Sachiko Kanai, Kohei Kurihara, Hiroki Oyama, Tomotaka Saito, Tatsuya Sato, Tatsunori Suzuki, Yukari Suzuki, Shuichi Tange, Yurie Tok
    International Journal of Clinical Oncology.2024; 29(3): 297.     CrossRef
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  • 155 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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A novel fully covered metal stent for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction: results of a multicenter prospective study
Arata Sakai, Atsuhiro Masuda, Takaaki Eguchi, Keisuke Furumatsu, Takao Iemoto, Shiei Yoshida, Yoshihiro Okabe, Kodai Yamanaka, Ikuya Miki, Saori Kakuyama, Yosuke Yagi, Daisuke Shirasaka, Shinya Kohashi, Takashi Kobayashi, Hideyuki Shiomi, Yuzo Kodama
Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):375-383.   Published online July 10, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.035
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Endoscopic self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placement is currently the standard technique for treating unresectable malignant distal biliary obstructions (MDBO). Therefore, covered SEMS with longer stent patency and fewer migrations are required. This study aimed to assess the clinical performance of a novel, fully covered SEMS for unresectable MDBO.
Methods
This was a multicenter single-arm prospective study. The primary outcome was a non-obstruction rate at 6 months. The secondary outcomes were overall survival (OS), recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO), time to RBO (TRBO), technical and clinical success, and adverse events.
Results
A total of 73 patients were enrolled in this study. The non-obstruction rate at 6 months was 61%. The median OS and TRBO were 233 and 216 days, respectively. The technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 97%, respectively. Furthermore, the rate of occurrence of RBO and adverse events was 49% and 21%, respectively. The length of bile duct stenosis (<2.2 cm) was the only significant risk factor for stent migration.
Conclusions
The non-obstruction rate of a novel fully covered SEMS for MDBO is comparable to that reported earlier but shorter than expected. Short bile duct stenosis is a significant risk factor for stent migration.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The anti‐migration effect of partially covered self‐expandable metal stents for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction: A multicenter comparative study
    Shinya Kohashi, Arata Sakai, Keisuke Furumatsu, Takeshi Ezaki, Takao Iemoto, Takeshi Tanaka, Masahiro Tsujimae, Takashi Kobayashi, Atsuhiro Masuda, Yuzo Kodama
    DEN Open.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endeavors to prevent stent malfunction: new insights into the risk factors for recurrent biliary obstruction
    Sung-Jo Bang
    Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(1): 56.     CrossRef
  • Understanding mechanical properties of biliary metal stents for wise stent selection
    Seok Jeong
    Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 592.     CrossRef
  • 4,794 View
  • 111 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 3 Crossref
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Evaluation of the mechanical properties of current biliary self-expandable metallic stents: axial and radial force, and axial force zero border
Wataru Yamagata, Toshio Fujisawa, Takashi Sasaki, Rei Ishibashi, Tomotaka Saito, Shuntaro Yoshida, Shizuka No, Kouta Inoue, Yousuke Nakai, Naoki Sasahira, Hiroyuki Isayama
Clin Endosc 2023;56(5):633-649.   Published online April 10, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.201
Graphical AbstractGraphical Abstract AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Mechanical properties (MPs) and axial and radial force (AF and RF) may influence the efficacy and complications of self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement. We measured the MPs of various SEMSs and examined their influence on the SEMS clinical ability.
Methods
We evaluated the MPs of 29 types of 10-mm SEMSs. RF was measured using a conventional measurement device. AF was measured using the conventional and new methods, and the correlation between the methods was evaluated.
Results
A high correlation in AFs was observed, as measured by the new and conventional manual methods. AF and RF scatterplots divided the SEMSs into three subgroups according to structure: hook-and-cross-type (low AF and RF), cross-type (high AF and low RF), and laser-cut-type (intermediate AF and high RF). The hook-and-cross-type had the largest axial force zero border (>20°), followed by the laser-cut and cross types.
Conclusions
MPs were related to stent structure. Hook-and-cross-type SEMSs had a low AF and high axial force zero border and were considered safest because they caused minimal stress on the biliary wall. However, the increase in RF must be overcome.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Late-onset Rupture of the Intrahepatic Pseudoaneurysm Developed by Endoscopic Ultrasonography-guided Hepaticogastrostomy: A Case Report and Literature Review
    Tesshin Ban, Yoshimasa Kubota, Takuya Takahama, Shun Sasoh, Satoshi Tanida, Makoto Nakamura, Tomoaki Ando, Takashi Joh
    Internal Medicine.2025; 64(2): 217.     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic biliary drainage for distal bile duct obstruction due to pancreatic cancer
    Masahiro Itonaga, Masayuki Kitano
    Clinical Endoscopy.2025; 58(1): 40.     CrossRef
  • Evaluation of the effect of metal stents on dose perturbation in the carbon beam irradiation field
    Yuya Miyasaka, Tetsuya Ishizawa, Yoshihito Nawa, Hikaru Souda, Shohei Kawashiro, Hongbo Chai, Miyu Ishizawa, Hiraku Sato, Takeo Iwai
    Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Photo-responsive self-expanding catheter with photosensitizer-integrated silicone-covered membrane for minimally invasive local therapy in malignant esophageal cancer
    Dae Sung Ryu, Hyeonseung Lee, Seung Jin Eo, Ji Won Kim, Yuri Kim, Seokin Kang, Jin Hee Noh, Sanghee Lee, Jung-Hoon Park, Kun Na, Do Hoon Kim
    Biomaterials.2025; 320: 123265.     CrossRef
  • The anti‐migration effect of partially covered self‐expandable metal stents for unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction: A multicenter comparative study
    Shinya Kohashi, Arata Sakai, Keisuke Furumatsu, Takeshi Ezaki, Takao Iemoto, Takeshi Tanaka, Masahiro Tsujimae, Takashi Kobayashi, Atsuhiro Masuda, Yuzo Kodama
    DEN Open.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Characteristics of four commonly used self-expanding biliary stents: an in vitro study
    Jiaywei Tsauo, Yan Fu, Yue Liu, Xiaowu Zhang, He Zhao, Xiao Li
    European Radiology Experimental.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Outcomes of 6‐mm diameter fully covered self‐expandable metal stents for preoperative biliary drainage in pancreatic cancer
    Hiroki Nakagawa, Tsuyoshi Takeda, Takeshi Okamoto, Takafumi Mie, Akiyoshi Kasuga, Takashi Sasaki, Masato Ozaka, Takahisa Matsuda, Yoshinori Igarashi, Naoki Sasahira
    DEN Open.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Dosimetric characteristics of self-expandable metallic and plastic stents for transpapillary biliary decompression in external beam radiotherapy
    Yoshihiro Ueda, Kenji Ikezawa, Tomohiro Sagawa, Masaru Isono, Shingo Ohira, Masayoshi Miyazaki, Ryoji Takada, Takuo Yamai, Kazuyoshi Ohkawa, Teruki Teshima, Koji Konishi
    Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine.2024; 47(4): 1323.     CrossRef
  • Radial force and wire structure determine the onset of covered self‐expandable metal stent migration in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided hepaticogastrostomy: Measurement of sliding‐resistance force using a porcine model
    Takehiko Koga, Hiroshi Yamada, Yusuke Ishida, Naoaki Tsuchiya, Takanori Kitaguchi, Keisuke Matsumoto, Makoto Fukuyama, Norihiro Kojima, Fumihito Hirai
    Journal of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Sciences.2024; 31(11): 840.     CrossRef
  • Biliary stents for active materials and surface modification: Recent advances and future perspectives
    Yuechuan Li, Kunshan Yuan, Chengchen Deng, Hui Tang, Jinxuan Wang, Xiaozhen Dai, Bing Zhang, Ziru Sun, Guiying Ren, Haijun Zhang, Guixue Wang
    Bioactive Materials.2024; 42: 587.     CrossRef
  • Manufacturing, Processing, and Characterization of Self-Expanding Metallic Stents: A Comprehensive Review
    Saeedeh Vanaei, Mahdi Hashemi, Atefeh Solouk, Mohsen Asghari Ilani, Omid Amili, Mohamed Samir Hefzy, Yuan Tang, Mohammad Elahinia
    Bioengineering.2024; 11(10): 983.     CrossRef
  • Understanding mechanical properties of biliary metal stents for wise stent selection
    Seok Jeong
    Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(5): 592.     CrossRef
  • How to reduce fistula formation after self-expandable metallic stent insertion for treating malignant esophageal stricture?
    Kwang Bum Cho
    Clinical Endoscopy.2023; 56(6): 735.     CrossRef
  • 5,227 View
  • 293 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 13 Crossref
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Review
Endoscopic ultrasound-guided intervention for inaccessible papilla in advanced malignant hilar biliary obstruction
Partha Pal, Sundeep Lakhtakia
Clin Endosc 2023;56(2):143-154.   Published online February 17, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.198
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Advanced malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO) with inaccessible papilla poses a significant challenge to endoscopists, as drainage of multiple liver segments may be warranted. Transpapillary drainage may not be feasible in patients with surgically altered anatomy, duodenal stenosis, prior duodenal self-expanding metal stent, and after initial transpapillary drainage, but require re-intervention for draining separated liver segments. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) and percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage are the feasible options in this scenario. The major advantages of EUS-BD over percutaneous trans-hepatic biliary drainage include a reduction in patient discomfort and internal drainage away from the tumor, thus reducing the possibility of tissue or tumor ingrowth. With innovations, EUS-BD is helpful not only for bilateral communicating MHBO but also for non-communicating systems with bridging hilar stents or isolated right intra-hepatic duct drainage by hepatico-duodenostomy. EUS-guided multi-stent drainage with specially designed cannulas and guidewires has become a reality. A combined approach with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for re-intervention, interventional radiology, and intraductal tumor ablative therapies has been reported. Stent migration and bile leakage can be minimized with proper stent selection and technique, and stent blocks can be managed with EUS-guided interventions in a majority of cases. Future comparative studies are required to establish the role of EUS-guided interventions in MHBO as rescue or primary therapy.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Feasibility of Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy for Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction
    Akihisa Ohno, Nao Fujimori, Toyoma Kaku, Yuzo Shimokawa, Tsukasa Miyagahara, Yuta Suehiro, Anthony Gerodias, Shotaro Kakehashi, Kazuhide Matsumoto, Masatoshi Murakami, Keijiro Ueda, Yoshihiro Ogawa
    Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2025; 70(1): 419.     CrossRef
  • Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy with cholangiography-guided choledochojejunostomy: a bridge drainage technique for distal common bile duct stenosis after Begerʼs operation
    Rui Chen, Jingyi Zhang, Tianhao Chen, Jie Zhang, Rongxing Zhou
    Endoscopy.2025; 57(S 01): E304.     CrossRef
  • Novel approach to bilateral biliary drainage: EUS-guided hepaticoduodenodenostomy plus hepaticogastrostomy in malignant hilar biliary obstruction
    Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Yuta Maruki, Shota Harai, Daiki Agarie, Daiki Yamashige, Kohei Okamoto, Shin Yagi, Soma Fukuda, Yasuhiro Komori, Masaru Kuwada, Yutaka Saito, Takuji Okusaka
    Endoscopy International Open.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Endoscopic Management of Malignant Biliary Obstruction
    Woo Hyun Paik, Do Hyun Park
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.2024; 34(1): 127.     CrossRef
  • The Lambda stenting technique: a new approach to address EUS-guided biliary drainage–associated adverse events
    Hiroki Sato, Hidemasa Kawabata, Mikihiro Fujiya
    VideoGIE.2024; 9(2): 107.     CrossRef
  • Comparison of stent patency between EUS-guided hepaticogastrostomy with bridging and endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage for hilar obstruction
    Kotaro Takeshita, Susumu Hijioka, Yoshikuni Nagashio, Yuta Maruki, Akihiro Ohba, Yuki Kawasaki, Tetsuro Takasaki, Shin Yagi, Daiki Agarie, Hidenobu Hara, Yuya Hagiwara, Daiki Yamashige, Kohei Okamoto, Soma Fukuda, Masaru Kuwada, Mark Chatto, Shunsuke Kond
    Endoscopy International Open.2024; 12(07): E875.     CrossRef
  • Percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopy combined with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for bilateral biliary bridge drainage for malignant biliary obstruction
    Gang Tang, Jingyi Zhang, Rui Chen, Jie Zhang, Rongxing Zhou
    Endoscopy.2024; 56(S 01): E724.     CrossRef
  • Cholangiocarcinoma – A Detailed Review on Indian Literature
    Sanoop Kumar Sherin Sabu, Vinoth Kumar Ramachandran, U. S. Umashankar, Harriprasad Baskkaran, Swetha Sattanathan, Rajendra Prasad Bollupalle, Yalamanchi Sri Ram Srujan, V. Aravinda Narasimhan, Nair Parvati Ramachandran
    Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy Practice.2024; 4(4): 151.     CrossRef
  • Novel specialized guidewire for bridging deployment into the right hepatic duct via endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy for malignant hilar biliary obstruction
    Tadahisa Inoue, Rena Kitano, Tomoya Kitada, Kazumasa Sakamoto, Satoshi Kimoto, Jun Arai, Kiyoaki Ito
    Endoscopy.2024; 56(S 01): E943.     CrossRef
  • 4,569 View
  • 277 Download
  • 6 Web of Science
  • 9 Crossref
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Original Articles
Survival Benefit of Intraductal Radiofrequency Ablation for Malignant Biliary Obstruction: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Byung Hyo Cha, Myoung-Jin Jang, Sang Hyub Lee
Clin Endosc 2021;54(1):100-106.   Published online January 15, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.254
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare but aggressive disease with a poor survival. Recent trials have shown improved survival with intraductal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to determine the survival benefit of endoscopic RFA for unresectable extrahepatic CCA with malignant biliary obstruction (MBO).
Methods
A systematic search from 1970 to 2020 was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials. gov. We selected eligible studies reporting relative risks, hazard ratios (HRs), or odds ratios, adjusted by controlling for confounding factors of survival rate and stent patency duration, among patients with extrahepatic CCA with MBO treated with RFA with stent insertion or stent insertion only.
Results
A total of eight trials (three randomized and five nonrandomized) with a total of 420 patients were included in the metaanalysis. Pooled overall survival analysis favored RFA treatment with stent insertion (HR, 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34– 0.64; I2=47%; p=0.09); however, no significant difference was found in the duration of stent patency between the groups (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.57–1.09; I2=7%; p=0.36).
Conclusions
RFA therapy with stent insertion may confer a survival benefit compared with stent insertion only in patients with CCA and MBO.

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Cholecystitis after Placement of Covered Self-Expandable Metallic Stents in Patients with Distal Malignant Biliary Obstructions
Masafumi Watanabe, Kosuke Okuwaki, Jun Woo, Mitsuhiro Kida, Hiroshi Imaizumi, Tomohisa Iwai, Hiroshi Yamauchi, Toru Kaneko, Rikiya Hasegawa, Takahiro Kurosu, Naoki Minato, Hiroki Haradome, Wasaburo Koizumi
Clin Endosc 2021;54(4):589-595.   Published online November 17, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.136
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background
/Aims: Cholecystitis can occur after the placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents for distal malignant biliary obstructions. We aimed to identify risk factors for cholecystitis following covered self-expandable metallic stent placement.
Methods
We investigated risk factors related to cholecystitis following covered self-expandable metallic stent placement in 118 patients with distal malignant biliary obstructions between January 1, 2015 and April 30, 2019. Endoscopic assessments and tumor invasion to the arteries feeding the gallbladder were determined by a pancreaticobiliary endoscopist and a radiologist, respectively.
Results
The median patient age was 72 years (men, 61.0%). The flow of the contrast agent into the gallbladder and tumor involvement in the orifice of the cystic duct were observed in 35 (29.7%) and 35 (29.7%) patients, respectively. During the observation period (median, 179 days), cholecystitis occurred in 18 (15.3%) patients. Multivariate analysis revealed the flow of the contrast agent into the gallbladder (p=0.023) and tumor involvement in the orifice of the cystic duct (p=0.005) as significant independent risk factors associated with cholecystitis.
Conclusions
The flow of the contrast agent into the gallbladder and tumor involvement in the orifice of the cystic duct are potential independent risk factors for cholecystitis following the placement of covered self-expandable metallic stents. A follow-up prospective study is warranted to validate their influence.

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Focused Review Series: Expanding Indication: Interventional Endoscopic Management for Pancreaticobiliary Diseases
Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage for Unresectable Hilar Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Yousuke Nakai, Hirofumi Kogure, Hiroyuki Isayama, Kazuhiko Koike
Clin Endosc 2019;52(3):220-225.   Published online November 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.094
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage is the current standard of care for unresectable hilar malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) and bilateral metal stent placement is shown to have longer patency. However, technical and clinical failure is possible and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is sometimes necessary. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) is increasingly being reported as an alternative rescue procedure to PTBD. EUS-BD has a potential advantage of not traversing the biliary stricture and internal drainage can be completed in a single session. Some approaches to bilateral biliary drainage for hilar MBO under EUS-guidance include a bridging method, hepaticoduodenostomy, and a combination of EUS-BD and transpapillary biliary drainage. The aim of this review is to summarize data on EUS-BD for hilar MBO and to clarify its advantages over the conventional approaches such as endoscopic transpapillary biliary drainage and PTBD.

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    Kazunari Nakahara, Ryo Morita, Fumio Itoh
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Case Report
Pneumoperitoneum after Endoscopic Duodenal Stent Insertion in a Patient with Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage and Biliary Stent: A Case Report
Jinwoo Choi, Min Ji Lee, Hyodeok Lee, Yook Kim, Joung-Ho Han, Seon Mee Park
Clin Endosc 2019;52(3):288-292.   Published online August 29, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.128
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Early removal of a percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) tube commonly causes pneumoperitoneum. However, we encountered a patient who developed pneumoperitoneum even with an indwelling PTBD tube. An 84-year-old man was admitted with type III combined duodenal and biliary obstruction secondary to metastatic bladder cancer. A biliary stent was placed using a percutaneous approach, and a duodenal stent was placed endoscopically. A large amount of subphrenic free air was detected after the procedures. Laboratory tests indicated intestinal perforation; however, peritoneal signs were absent. The patient was treated conservatively using an indwelling Levin tube. Seven days later, the massive amount of subphrenic free air disappeared. Follow-up tubography revealed unrestricted bile flow into the small intestine, and the PTBD tube was removed. Prolonged endoscopic procedures in patients with a PTBD tract communicating with the gastrointestinal tract can precipitate pneumoperitoneum. Clinicians should be careful to avoid misdiagnosing this condition as intestinal perforation.

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Original Article
A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Covered Metal Stent and Plastic Stent in Unresectable Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Jae Myoung Choi, Jin Hong Kim, Soon Sun Kim, Jun Hwan Yu, Jae Chul Hwang, Byung Moo Yoo, Sang Heum Park, Ho Gak Kim, Dong Ki Lee, Kang Hyun Ko, Kyo Sang Yoo, Do Hyun Park
Clin Endosc 2012;45(1):78-83.   Published online March 31, 2012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2012.45.1.78
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background/Aims

The placement of self expandable metal stent (SEMS) is one of the palliative therapeutic options for patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a covered SEMS versus the conventional plastic stent.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 44 patients with unresectable malignant biliary obstruction who were treated with a covered SEMS (21 patients) or a plastic stent (10 Fr, 23 patients). We analyzed the technical success rate, functional success rate, early complications, late complications, stent patency and survival rate.

Results

There was one case in the covered SEMS group that had failed technically, but was corrected successfully using lasso. Functional success rates were 90.5% in the covered SEMS group and 91.3% in the plastic stent group. There was no difference in early complications between the two groups. Median patency of the stent was significantly prolonged in patients who had a covered SEMS (233.6 days) compared with those who had a plastic stent (94.6 days) (p=0.006). During the follow-up period, stent occlusion occurred in 11 patients of the covered SEMS group. Mean survival showed no significant difference between the two groups (covered SEMS group, 236.9 days; plastic stent group, 222.3 days; p=0.182).

Conclusions

The patency of the covered SEMS was longer than that of the plastic stent and the lasso of the covered SEMS was available for repositioning of the stent.

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Review
Endoscopic Stent Placement in the Palliation of Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Jin Hong Kim
Clin Endosc 2011;44(2):76-86.   Published online December 31, 2011
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2011.44.2.76
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Biliary drainage with biliary stent placement is the treatment of choice for palliation in patients with malignant biliary obstruction caused by unresectable neoplasms. In such patients, the endoscopic approach can be initially used with percutaneous radiological intervention. In patients with unresectable malignant distal bile duct obstructions, endoscopic biliary drainage with biliary stent placement has now become the main and least invasive palliative modality, which has been proven to be more effective in >80% of cases with lower morbidity than surgery, and perhaps may provide a survival benefit. In patients with unresectable malignant hilar obstruction, the endoscopic approach for biliary drainage with biliary stent placement has also been considered as the treatment of choice. There is still a lack of clear consensus on the use of covered versus uncovered metal stents in malignant distal bile duct obstructions and plastic versus metal stents and unilateral versus bilateral drainage in malignant hilar obstructions.

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The Clinical Efficacy of Uisng a Soehendra Stent Retriever for Endoscopic Biliary Drainage in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Pyo Jun Kim, M.D., Dae Hwan Kang, M.D., Hyung Wook Kim, M.D., Cheol Woong Choi, M.D., Ki Tae Yoon, M.D., Yong Wook Kim, M.D. and Mong Cho, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2009;39(5):271-275.   Published online November 30, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
/Aims: Endoscopic biliary drainage is widely used for the palliative treatment of malignant biliary obstruction. For the advanced stricture, the general treatments such as a dilating or balloon catheter can not fully expand a duct. The authors used a Soehendra Stent Retriever for these cases, and we evaluated the value of using this instrument for treating these patients.
Methods
From July 2006 to Jun 2008, we studied 12 patients with mailignant biliary obstruction (Klatskin's tumor=10, Gall bladder cancer=2) and who were failed at having a stent inserted with such general treatment such as using a dilating or balloon catheter (M:F=7:5, age=69.1 years old). For the bilateral biliary drainage of the duct, the "stent in stent" method was used and 12 patients were treated with a Soehendra Stent Retriever with clockwise rotation, as well as going forward to expand the target area of the intrahepatic bile duct obstruction and insert a metal stent.
Results
Ten patients among the 12 who were treated by a Soehendra Stent Retriever achieved successful insertion of a stent (technical success, 83.3%), and all 12 patients showed improvement of their jaundice.
Conclusions
To insert bilateral stents for the advanced malignant biliary obstruction, expanding the strictured area with a Soehendra Stent Retriever can improve the success of inserting a stent. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2009; 39:271-275)
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Endoscopic Biliary Stenting in Patients with Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Hyung Wook Kim, M.D. and Dae Hwan Kang, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2009;39(1):1-7.   Published online July 30, 2009
AbstractAbstract PDF
Cholangiocarcinoma has an extremely poor prognosis and the majority of patients have an incurable disease at the time of presentation. These patients should be offered palliative drainage management. The aims of palliation are to prevent cholangitis or bile peritonitis in the course of follow-up or chemotherapy, and to preserve the functional volume of the liver as much as possible. Endoscopic or percutaneous drainage has become increasingly important in the palliative care of patients with unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. Compared to the percutaneous approach, endoscopic biliary stenting is less invasive, more comfortable, and results in a reduced hospital stay. Therefore, endoscopic biliary stenting should be considered the first-line therapy for jaundice palliation in unresectable cholangiocarcinoma. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2009;39:1-7)
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A Case of Pancreaticobiliary Duct Obstruction due to Pancreatic Tuberculosis Combined with a Colon Adenocarcinoma and Tuberculous Colitis
Lae Seok Hwang, M.D., Seong Woo Nam, M.D., Seong Eun Lee, M.D., Nak Hyun Kwon, M.D., Hyo Sung Kang, M.D., Sung Hoon Kim, M.D., Kee Suk Nam, M.D., Kyung Deuk Hong, M.D., Se Woon Ham, M.D., Young Woong Jeon, M.D.*, Se Hyuk Park, M.D.*, Sung Chan Jin, M.D.,Hae Sun Ahn, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2007;35(4):267-271.   Published online October 30, 2007
AbstractAbstract PDF
Systemic manifestation of tuberculosis is common, but tuberculous biliary obstruction of the pancreas and a colon adenocarcinoma with combined colonic tuberculosis is an uncommon disorder. We encountered a case of the above condition in 63-year-old male that was admitted to our hospital because of fever, diffuse abdominal pain and rigidity. Abdominal computed tomography showed biliary and pancreatic duct dilatation with left colonic wall thickening and surrounding peritoneal infiltration. Emergency segmental resection of the descending colon with intraoperative T-tube choledochostomy was performed due to the colon mass and biliary obstruction. A colonofiberoscopy was performed for low abdominal pain and hematochezia at 12 days after surgery. It showed multiple colonic ulcerations with a partial stricture. A colonic biopsy showed granulomatous inflammation with acid-fast bacilli. The cause of the biliary obstruction was also revealed as pancreatic tuberculosis by an intraoperative pancreatic and mesenteric biopsy. The patient improved after antituberculous treatment and the patient has been in good health until the last outpatient follow-up visit. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2007;35:267-271)
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A Comparison of Covered Expandable Metal Stent and Uncovered Expandable Metal Stent for the Management of Distal Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Won Jae Yoon, M.D., Kwang Hyuck Lee, M.D., Jun Kyu Lee, M.D., Ji Kon Ryu, M.D., Yong-Tae Kim, M.D., Woo Jin Lee, M.D.* and Yong Bum Yoon, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;30(5):257-261.   Published online May 30, 2005
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
/Aims: Covered self-expandable metal stents (CEMS) were developed to overcome tumor ingrowth which is a problem of uncovered EMS (UEMS). However, the efficacy of CEMS is controversial, and CEMS have problems such as migration and development of cholecystitis. Methods: We evaluated 77 cases of endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage using EMS for unresectable distal malignant biliary obstruction in a retrospective setting. Polyurethane-covered Wallstents were used on 36 patients and uncovered Wallstents were used on 41 patients. Early complications and stent patency were analyzed. The end points of this study were stent obstruction or death of the patient. Results: Stent migration occurred in three of the CEMS group and one of the UEMS group. Cholecystitis occurred in one of the CEMS group but in none of the UEMS group. Acute pancreatitis and bleeding did not occur in both groups. Stent occlusion occurred after a mean of 271 days in the CEMS group and 263 days in the UEMS group. Conclusions: Stent patency was comparable between covered and uncovered Wallstent. A large-scale prospective randomized study is needed to evaluate the efficacy and indication of covered Wallstent. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;30:257⁣261)
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A Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Covered Metal Stent and Plastic Stent in Malignant Biliary Obstruction
Jun Hwan Kim, M.D., Byung Ik Jang, M.D., Tae Nyeun Kim, M.D. and Moon Kwan Chung, M.D.
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2003;27(2):64-69.   Published online August 30, 2003
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
/Aims: Insertion of self-expanding metallic stents (SEMS) has become an established option for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction (MBO). However, stent occlusion by tumor ingrowth is still an unsolved problem. To overcome this problem, membrane-covered SEMSs have been developed. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of membrane-covered SEMS versus plastic stent in the treatment of MBO. Methods: Between Jan 2001 and Jul 2002, 57 patients with unresectable MBO who initially had plastic stents inserted were randomized to receive either plastic stent and membrane-covered SEMSs after initial plastic stent failure. Results: Placement of either plastic stents or membrane- covered SEMs was successful in all patients. Mean patency duration of stents were significantly longer in membrane- covered SEMS group (189 days) than in plastic stent group (82 days) (p=0.01). The causes of stent failure were occlusion in 10 cases and migration in 1 case in membrane- covered SEMS group. Of these occluded 10 cases, tumor ingrowth was noted in 7, tumor overgrowth in 2, and biliary incrustation in 1. Conclusions: Membrane-covered SEMS has a longer patency than plastic stent. However, new membrane covering material is needed to prevent tumor ingrowth more effectively. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2003;27:64⁣69)
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Endoscopic Biliary Drainage Using Soehendra Stent
Joo Ho Lee, M.D., Cheul Woong Choi, M.D., Sang Yong Lee, M.D., Jin Ouk Kang, M.D.,
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2003;26(1):15-20.   Published online January 30, 2003
AbstractAbstract PDF
Background
/Aims: Endoscopic biliary drainage (EBD) has been used effectively as the palliative treatment for malignant biliary obstruction. In high grade strictures, endoscopic stenting can be achieved by dilating devices such as dilating or balloon catheters. Subgroup of malignant biliary obstructions are too stenotic to allow passage of plastic or metal stents. In cases of failure of conventional stenting, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of the 7-Fr Soehendra stent retriever (SSR) used as a dilator. Methods: From January 1999 to September 2001, 14 patients with malignant pancreaticobiliary stirictures (2 pancreatic, 12 biliary) that could not be traversed with plastic or metal stents, underwent stricture dilation with SSR. An endoscopic sphincterotomy was performed and a guide wire was inserted beyond the stricture. Then the SSR was introduced over the guide wire via duodenoscope. Then the stricture was traversed by torquing the SSR clockwise while pushing it. The SSR was removed and then the plastic or metal stents were inserted above the stricture. Results: Of the 14 patients, 13 patients (93%) underwent successful stenting using SSR. Symptom relief was observed in all patients after endoscopic biliary stenting. One patient (7%) went on to percutaneous biliary drainage because we failed to insert the metal stent into the stenotic left hepatic duct after traversing the stricture with SSR. There were no significant complications such as bile duct or duodenal perforation and bleeding. Conclusions: The Soehendra stent retriever is useful and safe for dilation with subsequent stent placement of malignant pancreaticobiliary stirictures resistant to conventional stenting. However, this device may be difficult to pass a tortuous or small-diameter hilar stricture. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2003;26:15⁣20)
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일반적인 내시경적 담도배액법이 어려운 경우에 Soehendra Stent Retriever 을 이용한 담도배액법
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;23(5):326-326.   Published online November 30, 2000
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금속제 스텐트의 개통성에 영향을 미치는 악성 담도 폐쇄의 특징 ( Features of Malignant Biliary Obstruction Affecting the Patency of Metallic Stents : A Multicenter Study )
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;23(2):100-108.   Published online November 30, 2000
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Background
/Aims: Although metalic stents are established therapeutic options for the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction, it remains unclear which stricture or stent related factors affect the stent patency. Methods: Metallic Wallstents (Microvasive, Boston-Scientific, MA, U.S.A.) were inserted endoscopically in 68 patients (mean age; 70.2+8.5, M: F=38: 30) with malignant biliary obstruction. Patency rates were prospectively analyzed ac- cording to the characteristics of malignant strictures in cluding length, morphologic type and degree of stricture. Furthermore, patient age, initial serum bilirubin level, the length of stent, the adequate expansion time, and the location of the distal stent end were evaluated as possible factors affecting the stent patency. Stent patency was assessed using the survival analysis of the Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox regression analysis. Results: Median overall stent patency was 231 days and overall rate of stent occlusion was 41,2% (28/68). The causes of stent blockage were tumoral ingrowth in 23 patients (33.8%), distal overgrowth of the cancer in 3 (4.4%), proximal overgrowth in 1 (1.5%) and sludge incrustation in 1 patient (1,5%). No significant differences in metallic stent patency rates according to primary tumor type, length and morphologic type of stricture, and length and location of distal end of the stent were found. Log-rank test and multivariate regression analysis, however, demonstrated that the degree of stricture assessed by cannula or guidewire passage and the adequate expansion time of the stent are independent factors associated with long-term metallic stent patency. Conclusions: Our study showed that early expansibility of the stent and easy passage of larger-caliber instruments over the stricture were favorable factors for long-term patency of the metallic stent. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;23:100-108)
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악성 담관협착에서 Niti - S 스텐트 및 Wallstent 의 비교 ( A New Covered Biliary Metal Stent versus Uncovered Wallstent for Malignant Biliary Obstruction )
Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;23(2):93-99.   Published online November 30, 2000
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Background
/Aims: In order to provide a complete ob- stacle to tumoral growth, we designed a new self- expandible metal stent fully covered with polyurethane membrane. The purpose cf the study was to compare the safety and effectiveness of a new membrane-covered Niti-S stent versus conventional uncovered Wallstent. Methods: In a prospective trial, 59 patients with malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction received either a newly developed covered metal stent (Niti-S stent, 30 cases) or an uncovered metal stent (Wallstent, 29 cases) by the endoscopic trans-papillary route. Results: Effective biliary decompression was achieved in all patients initially, and short-term results were similar in both groups. Stent failure was observed in 4 of the 30 patients (13%) after a median period of 165 days in the Niti-S group and in 8 of the 29 patients (28%) after a median period of 152 days in the Wallstent group. The reasons of stent failure were occlusion (n=3) and migration (n=l) in the covered Niti-S stent group and occlusion (n=8) in uncovered Wallstent group. According to the Kaplan-Meier life table analysis, the patency rates after 90, 180, and 360 days were 100%, 90%, and 74% in covered Niti-S stent group and 100%, 73%, and 61% in uncovered Wallstent group respectively. The occluded membrane-covered Niti-S stent was easily removed endoscopically and a new Niti-S stent was reinserted in one patient. Conclusions: The new, membrane-covered Niti-S stent has a lower stent failure rate and a tendency toward long-term patency rate compared to uncovered Wallstent. The covering may effectively prevent tumor ingrowth and it is sometimes possible to remove an occluded Niti-S stent. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;23:93-99)
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