Clinical Endoscopy

Original Articles

Comparison of Oral Sulfate Solution and Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid on the Efficacy of Bowel Preparation: Ji Hyung Nam, Seok Bo Hong, Yun Jeong Lim, Seongju Lee, Hyoun Woo Kang, Jae Hak Kim, Jin Ho Lee; Clin Endosc 2020;53(5):568-574. Published online April 24, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.209

Background
/Aims: The quality of bowel preparation is one of the quality indicators for colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of oral sulfate solution (OSS) and polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid (PEG-AA) for bowel preparation.
Methods
The study involved 167 patients who underwent diagnostic colonoscopies. Inadequate bowel preparation was defined as any score of ≤1 in each colon section based on the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare the efficacy of OSS and PEG-AA. Subgroup analyses were performed based on patient characteristics.
Results
Overall, 106 (63.5%) patients received OSS, and 61 (36.5%) patients received PEG-AA. The rate of inadequate bowel preparation was 12.3% in patients receiving OSS and 32.8% in patients receiving PEG-AA (p=0.001). OSS (odds ratio [OR] = 0.26; p=0.003) and morning examination (OR=0.11; p=0.038) were significantly associated with efficient bowel preparation. The efficacy of OSS compared with PEG-AA was only significant in patients ≥50 years of age vs. <50 years of age (OR=0.13; p=0.001 vs. OR=0.96; p=0.959) and female vs. male patients (OR=0.06; p=0.002 vs. OR=0.58; p=0.339).
Conclusions
OSS was significantly more efficient for bowel preparation than PEG-AA, especially in patients ≥50 years of age and female patients. Morning examination led to a good quality of bowel preparation, irrespective of the preparation regimen.

Citations

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Observation of the application effect of low-volume polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS) combined with ascorbic acid tablets in bowel preparation for colonoscopy in hospitalized patients
Le-Can Wu, En-Dian Zheng, Hao-Yue Sun, Xi-Zhou Lin, Ju-Yi Pan, Xiao-Xiao Lin
Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of an oral sulfate solution and 3-L polyethylene glycol on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: a phase III multicenter randomized controlled trial
Peng Pan, Shengbing Zhao, Shuling Wang, Yihang Song, Lun Gu, Youxiang Chen, Jiangrong Zhao, Lungen Lu, Xiuling Li, Hongzhi Xu, Gaifang Liu, Yanqing Li, Le Xu, Jiangbin Wang, Zhaoshen Li, Yu Bai
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2023; 98(6): 977. CrossRef
Randomized trial of oral sulfate solution versus polyethylene glycol–ascorbic acid for bowel cleansing in elderly people
Seung‐Joo Nam, Sung Chul Park, Sung Joon Lee, Sang Hoon Lee, Ji Hyun Kim, Chang Seok Bang, Hyun Il Seo
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2022; 37(2): 319. CrossRef
Comparison of 2 L Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid and 4 L Polyethylene Glycol in Elderly Patients Aged 60–79: A Prospective Randomized Study
Sung Hoon Jung, Chul-Hyun Lim, Tae-Geun Gweon, Jinsu Kim, Jung Hwan Oh, Kyu-Tae Yoon, Jee Young An, Jeong‑Seon Ji, Hwang Choi
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2022; 67(10): 4841. CrossRef
Oral sulfate solution benefits polyp and adenoma detection during colonoscopy: Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Cheng Chen, Mengyang Shi, Zhongli Liao, Weiqing Chen, Yongzhong Wu, Xu Tian
Digestive Endoscopy.2022; 34(6): 1121. CrossRef
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of oral sulphate tablet for bowel preparation in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A multicentre randomized controlled study
Kyeong Ok Kim, Eun Young Kim, Yoo Jin Lee, Hyun Seok Lee, Eun Soo Kim, Yun Jin Chung, Byung Ik Jang, Sung Kook Kim, Chang Heon Yang
Journal of Crohn's and Colitis.2022; 16(11): 1706. CrossRef
How to Choose the Optimal Bowel Preparation Regimen for Colonoscopy
Ji Eun Na, Eun Ran Kim
The Ewha Medical Journal.2021; 44(4): 122. CrossRef
Oral Sulfate Solution is as Effective as 2 L Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid
Sung Hyun Shin, Kwang An Kwon
Clinical Endoscopy.2020; 53(5): 503. CrossRef

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The Efficacy of 4 Liters of Clear Liquids for Small Bowel Preparation Prior to Video Capsule Endoscopy: Nicholas Placone, Runalia Bahar, Surinder Mann; Clin Endosc 2020;53(6):713-718. Published online March 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.213

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Optimal small bowel (SB) preparation for video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is controversial. Our study aimed to support the use of a specified volume of 4 liters of clear liquids for bowel preparation for VCE.
Methods
A retrospective review of 284 patients who underwent SB preparation with 2 liters of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and 284 patients who had 4 liters of clear liquid preparation. We analyzed image quality, endoscopic findings, completion rate, and transit times.
Results
The 4-liter clear liquid group had significantly higher mean image quality scores when compared to the PEG group (2.908±0.77 to 2.669±0.64, p<0.0001), as well as more studies with adequate preparation (72% to 64%, p=0.0214). Although the PEG group had more endoscopic findings on VCE (40% to 23%, p<0.0001), there was a significant difference in the indications for the procedure between the groups. There was no difference in the capsule completion rate or SB transit time.
Conclusions
Our data demonstrate significantly higher mean image quality scores when using a specified volume of 4 liters of clear liquid compared to 2 liters of PEG. This study supports the growing evidence of the effectiveness of a 4-liter clear liquid SB preparation as opposed to PEG for VCE.

Citations

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Small bowel cleansing for capsule endoscopy, systematic review and meta- analysis: Timing is the real issue
Clelia Marmo, Maria Elena Riccioni, Marco Pennazio, Giulio Antonelli, Cristiano Spada, Guido Costamagna
Digestive and Liver Disease.2023; 55(4): 454. CrossRef
Disease surveillance evaluation of primary small-bowel follicular lymphoma using capsule endoscopy images based on a deep convolutional neural network (with video)
Akihiko Sumioka, Akiyoshi Tsuboi, Shiro Oka, Yusuke Kato, Yuka Matsubara, Issei Hirata, Hidehiko Takigawa, Ryo Yuge, Fumio Shimamoto, Tomohiro Tada, Shinji Tanaka
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2023; 98(6): 968. CrossRef
A colorectal cancer missed by colon capsule endoscopy: a case report
C. MacLeod, R. Oliphant, J. G. Docherty, A. J. M. Watson
BMC Gastroenterology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Value of the diving method for capsule endoscopy in the examination of small-intestinal disease: a prospective randomized controlled trial
Xianhui Zeng, Liansong Ye, Jianrong Liu, Xianglei Yuan, Shan Jiang, Minghui Huang, Xiujiang Huang, Chengwei Tang, Bing Hu
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2021; 94(4): 795. CrossRef
Bowel Preparation for Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy: Is There Still a Role for Polyethylene Glycol?
Paul Collins, Neil Haslam, Anthony Morris, Thomas Skouras, Ashley Bond
Journal of Digestive Endoscopy.2020; 11(03): 215. CrossRef
Capsule endoscopy – Recent developments and future directions.
Stefania Zammit Chetcuti, Reena Sidhu
Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Ideal Method for Small Bowel Preparation before Video Capsule Endoscopy
Jun Lee, Shai Friedland
Clinical Endoscopy.2020; 53(6): 631. CrossRef

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Effect of Sending Educational Video Clips via Smartphone Mobile Messenger on Bowel Preparation before Colonoscopy: Sung Chan Jeon, Jae Hyun Kim, Sun Jung Kim, Hye Jung Kwon, Youn Jung Choi, Kyoungwon Jung, Sung Eun Kim, Won Moon, Moo In Park, Seun Ja Park; Clin Endosc 2019;52(1):53-58. Published online August 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.072

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Background
/Aim: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of sending educational video clips via smartphone mobile messenger (SMM) on enhancing bowel preparation before colonoscopy.
Methods
This was a prospective, endoscopist-blinded, randomized controlled study. Patients in the SMM group received two video clips sent via SMM that explained the diet and regimen for bowel preparation, whereas those in the control group did not receive any video clips. We compared the quality of bowel preparation between the two groups, which was assessed by an endoscopist using the Ottawa scale.
Results
Between August and November 2014, 140 patients in the SMM group and 141 patients in the control group underwent colonoscopic examination. The total Ottawa score of the SMM group was significantly lower than that of the control group (5.47±1.74 vs. 5.97±1.78, p=0.018). These results were particularly prominent in the younger age group; the total Ottawa score of patents in the SMM group aged <40 years was significantly lower than that of patients in the control group aged <40 years (5.10±1.55 vs. 6.22±2.33, p=0.034).
Conclusions
We demonstrated that sending educational video clips via SMM could result in better bowel preparation, especially in the younger age group.

Citations

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Comparison of 2 L Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid and 4 L Polyethylene Glycol in Elderly Patients Aged 60–79: A Prospective Randomized Study
Sung Hoon Jung, Chul-Hyun Lim, Tae-Geun Gweon, Jinsu Kim, Jung Hwan Oh, Kyu-Tae Yoon, Jee Young An, Jeong‑Seon Ji, Hwang Choi
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2022; 67(10): 4841. CrossRef
Patient education by smartphones for bowel preparation before colonoscopy
Peng Li, Xueqian He, Xufang Yang, Jing Du, Weiquan Wu, Jiangfeng Tu
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Gamze Arslanca, Mahmure Aygün
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Effect of nurse-performed enhanced patient education on colonoscopy bowel preparation quality
Gamze Arslanca, Mahmure Aygün
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Os efeitos da educação aprimorada, realizada por enfermeiros na qualidade do preparo intestinal para colonoscopia
Gamze Arslanca, Mahmure Aygün
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Comparison of Two Types of 1-L Polyethylene Glycol-ascorbic Acid as Colonoscopic Bowel Preparation: A Prospective Randomized Study
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The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 80(2): 85. CrossRef
Multimedia based education on bowel preparation improves adenoma detection rate: Systematic review & meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Saurabh Chandan, Sumant Arora, Babu P. Mohan, Shahab R. Khan, Ojasvini C. Chandan, Lena L. Kassab, Arvind R. Murali
Digestive Endoscopy.2021; 33(5): 730. CrossRef
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Maria El Bizri, Mariam El Sheikh, Ga Eun Lee, Maida J. Sewitch, Tim Mathes
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Effects of a Personalized Smartphone App on Bowel Preparation Quality: Randomized Controlled Trial
Quirine E W van der Zander, Ankie Reumkens, Bas van de Valk, Bjorn Winkens, Ad A M Masclee, Rogier J J de Ridder
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Review

Predictors of Inadequate Bowel Preparation and Salvage Options on Colonoscopy: Ju Sung Sim, Ja Seol Koo; Clin Endosc 2016;49(4):346-349. Published online July 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2016.094

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Inadequate bowel preparation is observed in more than 25% of all colonoscopies. Identification of predictive factors for inadequate colon cleaning is helpful and more detailed preparation methods should be used for patients at high risk. Age, male sex, inpatient status, and comorbidities were identified as independent risk factors in several previous studies. In patients with insufficient colon preparation, colon irrigation with endoscopic pumps or next-day colonoscopy following further bowel cleaning should be performed. In order to improve the efficacy and safety of both bowel preparation and colonoscopy, the endoscopic team should identify the patient’s medical conditions and choose the optimal bowel preparation agent and regimen.

Citations

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Incidence and predicting factors of inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy: A cross‐sectional study
Alireza Asgari, Fateme Ziamanesh, Ali Aliasgari, Amir Ali Sohrabpour
JGH Open.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Objectively Assessed Versus Patient-Reported Clarity of Last Rectal Effluent for the Prediction of Quality of Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy: A Prospective, Case-Control Study
Ajay Patwa, Satish Kumar, Deepak Bhagchandani, Amit Kumar, Virendra Atam, Navneet Anil, Priya Mishra, Abhishek Singh, Archana Devi, Ajay K Pal
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Evaluation of bowel preparation regimens for colonoscopy including a novel low volume regimen (Plenvu): CLEANSE study
Ahmir Ahmad, Sarah Marshall, Paul Bassett, Kowshika Thiruvilangam, Angad Dhillon, Brian P Saunders
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Wen‐Feng Hsu, Han‐Mo Chiu
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M Alizadeh Nayini, A Molvi, M Ghorbani, F Banaei
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Jacob E. Kurlander, Akbar K. Waljee, Stacy B. Menees, Rachel Lipson, Alex N. Kokaly, Andrew J. Read, Karmel S. Shehadeh, Amy Cohn, Sameer D. Saini
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Comparison of 2 L Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid and 4 L Polyethylene Glycol in Elderly Patients Aged 60–79: A Prospective Randomized Study
Sung Hoon Jung, Chul-Hyun Lim, Tae-Geun Gweon, Jinsu Kim, Jung Hwan Oh, Kyu-Tae Yoon, Jee Young An, Jeong‑Seon Ji, Hwang Choi
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Comparison of Oral Sulfate Solution and Polyethylene Glycol Plus Ascorbic Acid on the Efficacy of Bowel Preparation
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Original Article

A Single-Center Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating Timing of Preparation for Capsule Enteroscopy: Katherine R. Black, Wiley Truss, Cynthia I. Joiner, Shajan Peter, Frederick H. Weber; Clin Endosc 2015;48(3):234-238. Published online May 29, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.3.234

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims

Intestinal lavage (IL) administration immediately before capsule enteroscopy (CE) is superior to lavage the day before the procedure. We aimed to determine the effect of IL timing on CE diagnostic yield.

Methods

Patients referred for CE were randomized prospectively into two equal groups according to the timing of IL with 2 L of polyethylene glycol solution. Group A and B underwent IL over 2 hours beginning 14 and 4 hours, respectively, before the scheduled CE. The primary outcome measure was preparation quality, measured with a predetermined validated grading scale.

Results

A total of 34 patients were randomized. The frequency of mucosal abnormalities (77% vs. 82%, p=not significant [NS]) and diagnostic yield (47% vs. 53%, p=NS) were similar between the two groups. Moreover, no significant association between the quality of small bowel preparation and the timing at which the purgative for IL was administered was observed (overall fluid transparency, p=0.936; overall mucosal invisibility, p=0.091).

Conclusions

Day-before IL is equivalent to same-day IL in terms of overall preparation quality, proportion of complete studies to cecum, small bowel transit time, frequency of identified mucosal abnormalities, and overall diagnostic yield.

Citations

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Preparation, Timing, Prokinetics, and Surface Agents in Video Capsule Endoscopy
Elizabeth Squirell, Michelle Ricci, Lawrence Hookey
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.2021; 31(2): 251. CrossRef
Bowel Preparation With Polyethylene Glycol 3350 or Fasting Only Before Peroral Single-balloon Enteroscopy
Frank Lenze, Tobias Nowacki, Sabine Schöppner, Hansjörg Ullerich, Dominik Bettenworth, Paola Soriani, Tommaso Gabbani, Vincenzo G. Mirante, Dirk Domagk, Mauro Manno, Philipp Lenz
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2020; 54(2): 170. CrossRef
Optimal Bowel Preparation for Capsule Endoscopy and Device-assisted Enteroscopy
Hyun Joo Song
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2020; 75(2): 74. CrossRef
Quality Indicators for Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
Ki-Nam Shim, Seong Ran Jeon, Hyun Joo Jang, Jinsu Kim, Yun Jeong Lim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Hyun Joo Song, Hyun Seok Lee, Jae Jun Park, Ji Hyun Kim, Jaeyoung Chun, Soo Jung Park, Dong-Hoon Yang, Yang Won Min, Bora Keum, Bo-In Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2017; 50(2): 148. CrossRef
Systematic review and meta-analysis: is bowel preparation still necessary in small bowel capsule endoscopy?
Diana E. Yung, Emanuele Rondonotti, Catherine Sykes, Marco Pennazio, John N. Plevris, Anastastios Koulaouzidis
Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2017; 11(10): 979. CrossRef
Optimal Bowel Preparation for Video Capsule Endoscopy
Hyun Joo Song, Jeong Seop Moon, Ki-Nam Shim
Gastroenterology Research and Practice.2016; 2016: 1. CrossRef
Superiority of the Split-dose PEG Regimen for Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
Pedro Magalhães-Costa, Joana Carmo, Miguel Bispo, Sofia Santos, Cristina Chagas
Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2016; 50(7): e65. CrossRef
What Is the Optimal Timing of Bowel Preparation for Video Capsule Endoscopy?
Hyun Joo Song, Ki-Nam Shim
Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(3): 183. CrossRef

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Review

Guidelines for Bowel Preparation before Video Capsule Endoscopy: Hyun Joo Song, Jeong Seop Moon, Jae Hyuk Do, In Hye Cha, Chang Hun Yang, Myung-Gyu Choi, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hyun Jung Kim; Clin Endosc 2013;46(2):147-154. Published online March 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.2.147

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The preparation for video capsule endoscopy (VCE) of the bowel suggested by manufacturers of capsule endoscopy systems consists only of a clear liquid diet and an 8-hour fast. While there is evidence for a benefit from bowel preparation for VCE, so far there is no domestic consensus on the preparation regimen in Korea. Therefore, we performed this study to recommend guidelines for bowel preparation before VCE. The guidelines on VCE were developed by the Korean Gut Image Study Group, part of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Four key questions were selected. According to our guidelines, bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution enhances small bowel visualization quality (SBVQ) and diagnostic yield (DY), but it has no effect on cecal completion rate (CR). Bowel preparation with 2 L of PEG solution is similar to that with 4 L of PEG in terms of the SBVQ, DY, and CR of VCE. Bowel preparation with fasting or PEG solution combined with simethicone enhances the SBVQ, but it does not affect the CR of VCE. Bowel preparation with prokinetics does not enhance the SBVQ, DY, or CR of VCE.

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Original Article

The Effect of the Bowel Preparation Status on the Risk of Missing Polyp and Adenoma during Screening Colonoscopy: A Tandem Colonoscopic Study: Sung Noh Hong, In Kyung Sung, Jeong Hwan Kim, Won Hyeok Choe, Byung Kook Kim, Soon Young Ko, Jung Hyun Lee, Dong Choon Seol, Su Young Ahn, Sun-Young Lee, Hyung Seok Park, Chan Sup Shim; Clin Endosc 2012;45(4):404-411. Published online November 30, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2012.45.4.404

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims

Although a small amount of fecal material can obscure significant colorectal lesions, it has not been well documented whether bowel preparation status affects the missing risk of colorectal polyps and adenomas during a colonoscopy.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled patients with one to nine colorectal polyps and at least one adenoma of >5 mm in size at the screening colonoscopy. Tandem colonoscopy with polypectomy was carried out within 3 months.

Results

A total of 277 patients with 942 polyps and 714 adenomas completed index and tandem examinations. At the index colonoscopy, 187 polyps (19.9%) and 127 adenomas (17.8%) were missed. The per-patient miss rate of polyps and adenomas increased significantly as the bowel cleansing rate declined from excellent to poor/inadequate on the Aronchick scale (polyps, p=0.024; adenomas, p=0.040). The patients with poor/inadequate bowel preparation were independently associated with an increased risk of having missed polyps (odds ratio [OR], 3.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 9.15) or missed adenomas (OR, 3.04; 95% CI, 1.04 to 8.88) compared to the patients with excellent bowel preparation.

Conclusions

The risk of missing polyps and adenomas during screening colonoscopy is significantly affected by bowel preparation status. It seems appropriate to shorten the colonoscopy follow-up interval for patients with suboptimal bowel preparation.

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Sean C Rice, Tina Higginbotham, Melanie J Dean, James C Slaughter, Patrick S Yachimski, Keith L Obstein
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 111(11): 1564. CrossRef
Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bowel Preparation on Adenoma Detection: Early Adenomas Affected Stronger than Advanced Adenomas
Michael C. Sulz, Arne Kröger, Meher Prakash, Christine N. Manser, Henriette Heinrich, Benjamin Misselwitz, Irving Coy Allen
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Rena Yadlapati, Elyse R. Johnston, Dyanna L. Gregory, Jody D. Ciolino, Andrew Cooper, Rajesh N. Keswani
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Carlos Fernandes, Rolando Pinho, Iolanda Ribeiro, Joana Silva, Ana Ponte, João Carvalho
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Impact of the Quality of Bowel Cleansing on the Efficacy of Colonic Cancer Screening: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded Study
Jürgen Pohl, Marc Halphen, Hans Rudolf Kloess, Wolfgang Fischbach, John Green
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Electrolyte changes after bowel preparation for colonoscopy: A randomized controlled multicenter trial
Kyong Joo Lee
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Improved bowel preparation increases polyp detection and unmasks significant polyp miss rate
Ioannis S Papanikolaou
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2015; 3(10): 880. CrossRef
Factors Influencing the Miss Rate of Polyps in a Tandem Colonoscopy Study
Han Na Choi, Hyun Hee Kim, Jang Seok Oh, Hee Sang Jang, Hyun Sik Hwang, Eun Young Kim, Joong Goo Kwon, Jin Tae Jung
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2014; 64(1): 24. CrossRef
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David A. Johnson, Alan N. Barkun, Larry B. Cohen, Jason A. Dominitz, Tonya Kaltenbach, Myriam Martel, Douglas J. Robertson, C. Richard Boland, Frances M. Giardello, David A. Lieberman, Theodore R. Levin, Douglas K. Rex
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David A Johnson, Alan N Barkun, Larry B Cohen, Jason A Dominitz, Tonya Kaltenbach, Myriam Martel, Douglas J Robertson, Richard C Boland, Frances M Giardello, David A Lieberman, Theodore R Levin, Douglas K Rex
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Optimizing Adequacy of Bowel Cleansing for Colonoscopy: Recommendations From the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer
David A. Johnson, Alan N. Barkun, Larry B. Cohen, Jason A. Dominitz, Tonya Kaltenbach, Myriam Martel, Douglas J. Robertson, C. Richard Boland, Frances M. Giardello, David A. Lieberman, Theodore R. Levin, Douglas K. Rex
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Importance of the Time Interval between Bowel Preparation and Colonoscopy in Determining the Quality of Bowel Preparation for Full-Dose Polyethylene Glycol Preparation
Tae Kyung Kim, Hyung Wook Kim, Su Jin Kim, Jong Kun Ha, Hyung Ha Jang, Young Mi Hong, Su Bum Park, Cheol Woong Choi, Dae Hwan Kang
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Feng-Chi Hsueh, Han-Chih Wang, Chien-An Sun, Chia-Chen Tseng, Tung-Chen Han, Szu-Mei Hsiao, Cheng-Yu Wei, Chien-Hua Chen, Tsan Yang
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Hyponatremic Encephalopathy Following a Sulfate Free Polyethylene Glycol-based Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy: Kyung Sun Ok, M.D., You Sun Kim, M.D., Won Cheol Jang, M.D., Tae Yeob Jeong, M.D., Jin Gook Huh, M.D., Soo Hyung Ryu, M.D., Jung Hwan Lee, M.D. and Jeong Seop Moon, M.D.; Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;37(4):303-307. Published online October 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: Hyponatremia associated with the use of both a sodium phosphate (NaP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution for colonoscopy preparation has been reported in patients with impaired renal handling of water. A PEG solution is believed to affect serum electrolytes less than NaP, but the use of a PEG solution can lead to nausea, vomiting, intestinal hyperactivity and dehydration, often resulting in a raised plasma antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration. Non-osmolar stimuli such as pain, stress, nausea, and vomiting can stimulate ADH release. We report a case of severe hyponatremic encephalopathy after sulfate-free PEG ingestion for a colonoscopy in a healthy middle-aged woman. We think that physicians should be familiar with the medical history and current medication schedule of patients prior to bowel preparation. The levels of serum electrolytes should be checked in patients with impaired ability to excrete free water and any mental aberrations before undertaking colonoscopy procedures. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;37:303-307)

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A Prospective Trial Comparing 4 L-Polyethylene Glycol with 2 L-Polyethylene Glycol Plus Bisacodyl Tablets for Colon Preparation: Min-Jung Kang, M.D., Sung-Ae Jung, M.D., Ji Min Jung, M.D., Hyun Joo Song, M.D., Seong-Eun Kim, M.D., Hye-Kyung Jung, M.D., Ki-Nam Shim, M.D., Kwon Yoo, M.D. and Il-Hwan Moon, M.D.; Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;37(3):167-173. Published online September 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: The aim of the study was to prospectively compare low-volume PEG plus 20 mg bisacodyl with the standard 4 L PEG with regards to the adequacy of bowel preparation, patient compliance and the side effects. Methods: From September 2007 to January 2008, 59 patients who had previously undergone screening colonoscopy with 4 L PEG and had been diagnosed with colonic polyps were admitted for polypectomy. The colonoscopists, who were unaware of the preparation that was administered, evaluated the adequacy of the bowel cleansing. Detailed questionnaires were also used to assess patient compliance, the difficulty of bowel preparation, side effects and patient preference. Results: The physician's evaluation of the colon cleansing showed better adequacy with 4 L PEG than with 2 L PEG plus bisacodyl (p＜0.05). There was no difference in patient compliance between the 2 bowel preps. The patients in the 2 L PEG plus bisacodyl group tolerated the bowel preparation more easily than the patients in the 4 L PEG (81.4% vs. 15.3%, respectively). Moreover, the scores of the visual analog scale for the difficulty of bowel preparation were 5.8±2.3 in the 4 L PEG group and 3.2±1.9 in the 2 L PEG plus bisacodyl (p＜0.01). The majority (89.8%) of the patients preferred 2 L PEG plus bisacodyl (p＜0.001). The 2 L PEG plus bisacodyl group revealed less nausea, vomiting and sleep discomfort (p＜0.05), but they had more abdominal pain (p＜0.01). Conclusions: 2 L PEG plus bisacodyl is not as effective as the standard 4 L PEG for colon cleansing. However, 2 L PEG plus bisacodyl can be used for patients who have difficulty drinking a large amount of PEG. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;37:167-173)

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Endoscope-guide Infusion of Sodium Phosphate: A Novel Bowel Cleansing Method, Efficacy and Safety Comparisons with Polyethylene Glycol: Kyu-Jong Kim, M.D., Seun Ja Park, M.D., Eun Kyung Shin, M.D., Jun Young Song, M.D., Do Hyun Kim, M.D., Sung Eun Kim, M.D., Won Moon, M.D. and Moo In Park, M.D.; Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;36(3):138-144. Published online March 30, 2008

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: Single full-dose oral sodium phosphate (NaP) on the examination day instead of a conventional divided-dose has been used in some patients to reduce burdens and sleep disturbance caused by bowel movement. However, this treatment may be inconvenient to some patients who are adversely affected by the full dose or its-related symptoms. This study compared the quality of bowel preparation, side effects, and patient's acceptance after a full-dose of NaP into the duodenum under an endoscopic examination and with those from conventional polyethylene glycol (PEG). Methods: A total of 60 admitted patients receiving both endoscopy and colonoscopy each day were divided randomly into two groups and given either PEG 4 L (n=33) or an endoscopic infusion of NaP 90 mL (n=27). Before and after the bowel preparation and 1 day later, the blood pressure, body weight, and serum biochemical parameters were measured. In addition, a detailed questionnaire was used to assess the patient's side effects. The quality of bowel cleansing was assessed by a single endoscopist who was blinded to the type of preparation used. Results: Although changes in the serum biochemical parameters (phosphate: increase, potassium: decrease) were observed in the NaP group, all were normalized after 1 day without side effects. There were significant difference in symptoms after the preparation, such as vomiting, but this was not serious. The suction volume was significantly lower in the NaP group. Conclusions: A duodenal infusion of NaP might be used as a new bowel cleansing method in patients having trouble with other procedures. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2008;36:138-144)

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Comparision of Single Versus Split-dose of Polyethylene Glycol-electrolyte Solution for Colonoscopy Preparation: Sang Hoon Kim, M.D., Dong Il Park, M.D., Seung Ha Park, M.D., Hong Joo Kim, M.D., Yong Kyun Cho, M.D., In Kyung Sung, M.D., Chong Il Sohn, M.D., Woo Kyu Jeon, M.D. and Byung Ik Kim, M.D.; Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;30(4):194-198. Published online April 30, 2005

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: Although polyethethylene glycol (PEG) solution is widely used for bowel preparation, it is difficult to drink a large amount of fluid in a short period of time. We compared the quality of bowel preparation and compliance between the single-dose group and split-dose group. Methods: Two hundred seventeen patients undergoing outpatient colonoscopy were randomly assigned to receive either 4 litre (L) of PEG solution (n=104, single- dose group) on the day of colonoscopy or 2 L of PEG solution on the day before colonoscopy and then 2 L of same solution on the day of colonoscopy (n=113, split- dose group). The quality of bowel preparation was assessed using Ottawa scale. Cecal intubation time, compliance and side effects were assessed. Results: Split-dose group showed the better quality of bowel preparation than single-dose group (4.75⁑2.45 vs 5.52⁑2.24, p＜0.05) because of lower residual volume scale. Patients who experienced very difficulty during ingestion (0.95% vs 5.8%) and left out more than 25% of PEG solution (3.5% vs 8.7%) were greater in single-dose group. There was no difference of side effects between two groups. Conclusions: Split-dose PEG preparation could be the useful method in than single-dose in colonoscopy preparation. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2005;30:194⁣198)

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Effectiveness of Single-dose Sodium Phosphate on Bowel Preparation: Kang-Wook Chung, M.D., Jin-Il Park, M.D., Jong-Hyuk Park, M.D., Do-Yeon Hwang, M.D., Hyung-Hwa Lee, M.D., Dong-Soo Lee, M.D., Dong-Hoon Kwack, M.D., Ji-Young Seo, M.D., Jae-Jin Jung, M.D., Young-Hak Lee, M.D., Young-Sung Kim, M.D. and Dong-Hyup Kwak, M.D; Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2003;27(6):515-520. Published online December 30, 2003

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: Oral sodium phosphate has been shown to be effective and safe but causes intravascular volume contraction, changes in serum calcium and phopshate level, and sleep disturbance when given two doses every 12 hours. Because the evening dose is inconvenient for many patients, we gave single morning dose, and compared it with conventional 12-hour-split dose. Methods: Sixty one patients drank 90 mL of sodium phosphate at 7:00 AM and 58 patients drank 45 mL of sodium phosphate at 7：00 PM and 7：00 AM respectively. Results: There was no statistical difference in bowel cleansing between two groups (p=0.871). There was no significant difference in patient's tolerance and symptoms between two groups except sleep deprivation which was more frequent in the split dose group. None of the patients complained of postural dizziness or presyncope in both groups. Serum phosphate levels were increased and serum calcium levels were decreased after preparation in both groups, but patients showed no significant clinical symptoms such as tetany. Conclusion: This study suggests that giving a single morning dose of sodium phosphate is effective, well tolerated and safe in most patients for precolonoscopic cleansing, compared to conventional split dose of 12-hour interval. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2003;27:515⁣520)

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대장내시경의 전처치에서 걷기 운동이 대장 청결도에 미치는 영향: Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;23(5):349-349. Published online November 30, 2000

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대장 내시경 검사를 위한 전처치제로서의 Balanced Lavage Solution (Fortran )의 임상 성적 ( A Randomized Prospective Trial Comparing a New Polyethylene Glycol Based Lavage Solution with the Standard Polyethylene Glycol Solution in the Preparation of Patients Undergoing Colonoscopy (Clinical trial of new PEG solution in bowel preparation) ): Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2000;20(3):171-176. Published online November 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: Adequate preparation of the bowel is essential for accurate colonoscopic examination. Standard polyethylene glycol solution had been used as a bowel cleansing premedication. But many patients dislike the taste and saltiness of the polyethylene glycol solution. Comparison has made between colonic preparation with a new polyethylene glycol based solution that reduced the salt content and added flavoring in attempt to improve the palatability and to encourage patient compliance with the standard polyethylene glycol solution. Methods: One hundred patients were randomized to receive either the new polyethylene glycol solution or the standard polyethylene glycol solution for their bowel cleansing preparation. Two gastroenterologists performing the colonoscopies were made unaware of the type of the preparation. The cleansing score and amount of residual fluids in each colonic segment was then evaluated. Results: There was no significant difference in the colonic cleansing score and amount of residual fluids between two groups. Patients' compliance was higher for the new polyethylene glycol solution group than for the standard polyethylene glycol group. There was no difference in side effects of bowel cleansing solutions. Conclusion: The new polyethylene glycol solution as a bowel cleansing method has a higher patient compliance rate and is as effective as the standard polyethylene glycol solution.

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대장내시경 전처치제로서 Sodium Phosphate 와 Polyethylene Glycol 용액의 전향적 비교 분석 ( A Prospective Endoscopic Blind Trial Comparing Precolonoscopy Bowel Cleansing Methods ): Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 1999;19(3):347-353. Published online November 30, 1998

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: Although some authors have suggested that sodium phosphate (NaP) is more effective than polyethylene glycol (PEG) in bowel cleansing, there has been no crossover study proving the superiority of NaP over PEG in bowel cleansing and patients' compliance. The aim of this study was to compare the two solutions for colonoscopy, PEG and NaP, through crossover design with regard to patients' compliance, cleansing ability and side effects. Methods: Thirty patients underwent two separate colonoscopies for colonic polyp(s) with PEG and NaP, respectively. Before and after bowel preparation, blood pressure, body weight, and serum biochemical parameters were measured in all patients. In addition, a detailed questionnaire was used to assess side effects and the patients' preference. The presence of bubbles, types of residual stool, and overall quality of colon cleansing were assessed by one endoscopist blinded to the type of preparation used. In each colonoscopy, two biopsy specimens were taken at rectum. Results: In the NaP group, but not in the PEG group, there were significant changes in several biochemical parameters including sodium ( +3.0 +- 3.0 mEq/L), potassium ( -0.3 +- 0.3mEq/L), calcium ( -0.5 +- 0.5 mg/dL), phosphorus ( +3.9 +- 2.2 mg/dL) and osmolarity ( +10.1 +- 9.3 mOsm/kg) after bowel preparation. In addition, the degree of body weight change was greater with NaP ( -2.2 +- 2.3 kg) than with PEG ( -1.2 +- 2.0 kg) (p=0.06) and the formation of bubbles that disturb luminal observation was more frequently found in the NaP group (p<0.01). There was no difference, however, in the type of residual stool and the overall quality of bowel preparation between the two groups and no significant mucosal change was noted after bowel preparation in both groups. Moreover, PEG was found to be more difficult to take than NaP (p<0.05) and among the 30 patients, 26 (87%) preferred NaP, while only two favored PEG (p<0.01). Conclusions: We conclude that NaP can replace PEG at least in patients with good general condition. Further studies to decrease the incidence of bubbles and to establish subgroups suitable for NaP are needed. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 19: 347∼353, 1999)

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원저 : 식도 위장관 ; 대장경 전처치제로서 Fleetⓡ 와 Colonlyteⓡ 의 비교 ( Original Articles : Esophagus , Stomach & Intestine ; A Comparison of Fleet with Colonlyteⓡ for Precolonoscopic Preparation ): Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 1997;17(4):494-500. Published online November 30, 1996

Abstract PDF: Backgronnd/Aims: Recent reports have suggested that precolonoscopy bowel preparation is easier to tolerate if a small volume solution is used. The aim of this study was to compare oral sodium phosphate with polyethylene glycol solution in terms of the quality of colon cleansing, ease of preparation, and gastrointestinal intolerance. Methods: Sixty one patients were prospectively randomized to receive either a standard 4-liter polyethylene glycol solution or a 90 ml oral sodium phosphate preparation. Before and after bowel preparation all patients were weighted, and serum electrolytes were measured. Patients were asked to record the effects of the preparation and to give it a "discomfort rating" on a scale from 1 to 5. Surgeons were blinded to the preparation used and rated the quality of bowel cleansing on a scale of 1 to 5. Results: The smaller volume of oral sodium phosphate was not associated with any clinically significant problem,caused no increase in the incidence of side effects, was preferred by patients, and was effective in colonic cleansing. The incidence of sleep disturbance, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anal discomfort, chest pain, chilling and dizziness associated with oral sodium phosphate was similar to that with polyethylene glycol lavage. Abdominal distension was more common with polyethylene glycol lavage and statistical difference was seen(P<0.01). There were no clinically significant changes in any biochemical parameters and vital signs caused by precolonoscopic preparation except asymptomatic hyperphosphatemia in the sodium phosphate group that was not statistically different. The decreased body weight was seen with Colonlyte that was statistically different(P <0.01). Conclusion: The overall quality of bowel preparation with oral sodium phosphate was similar to that with polyethylene glycol lavage. Patients tolerated preparation with oral sodium phosphate to be somewhat easier than polyethylene glycol lavage. Therefore, we conclude that the use of oral sodium phosphate as a precolonoscopy bowel preparation is clinically useful. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 17: 494-500, 1997)

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