Clinical Endoscopy

Original Articles

Microbiological surveillance result of endoscopes after INTERCEPT Foam Spray: a quasi-experimental pilot study in Singapore: Caihong Wang, Rong Zhang, Ruhui Fan, Jiewen Low, Ruochen Du, Xueyun Ma, Congcong Cai; Clin Endosc 2024;57(6):821-831. Published online November 4, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.030

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Background
/Aims: This study aimed to assess the impact of INTERCEPT Foam Spray (IFS) application on delayed endoscope reprocessing through microbiological surveillance culture (MSC).
Methods
A quasi-experimental, matched-comparison pilot study was conducted using gastrointestinal endoscopy. IFS was applied to the endoscopes after precleaning and before reprocessing the next day. An equal number of endoscopes, matched by endoscope type, were subjected to routine reprocessing. The MSC were subjected to high-level disinfection to detect any contamination. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact test (categorical data) and Student t-test (continuous data).
Results
In total, 150 MSCs were collected from 42 endoscopes. Positive MSCs were observed in 4.0% (4/75) of the sprayed group and 1.3% (1/75) of the control group (95% confidence interval, 30.34–0.31; p>0.05), all of which were contributed by colonoscopes. Colonoscope were more prone to positive MSC (mean difference in percentage, p<0.05). Mean spraying hours were not associated with detected growth (11.7% vs. 13.6%; 95% confidence interval, 1.43 to –5.27; p>0.05), with environmental and skin flora being the primary contaminants.
Conclusions
IFS may be applied when delayed endoscope processing is necessary, but with caution when applied to colonoscopes. However, further research is warranted to verify the result.

Citations

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Efficacy of spray flushing in the reprocessing of flexible endoscopes
Harendra Kumar, Arkadeep Dhali, Rick Maity, Jyotirmoy Biswas
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Endoscope processing effectiveness: A reality check and call to action for infection preventionists and clinicians
Cori L. Ofstead, Abigail G. Smart, Lydia L. Hurst, Larry A. Lamb
American Journal of Infection Control.2025; 53(7): 785. CrossRef

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Efficacy of a novel channel-cleaning ball brush for endoscope reprocessing: a randomized controlled trial: Kwang Hyun Chung, Jeong Don Chae, Wonho Choe, Hyo Young Lee, Il Hwan Oh, Byoung Kwan Son; Clin Endosc 2022;55(5):674-682. Published online August 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.210

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Background
/Aims: Endoscopic channels are difficult to clean and can cause infection transmission. We examined the effectiveness of a newly developed channel-cleaning ball brush (BB), which is sucked into the endoscopic channel and scrapes and cleans the lumen as it passes through.
Methods
The upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopes used for patient examinations were randomly selected as the conventional brush (CB) or BB group. After manual cleaning, the presence or absence of carbohydrates, proteins, adenosine triphosphate, and hemoglobin was assessed.
Results
Fifty-six and 58 endoscopes were cleaned with the CB and BB, respectively. Carbohydrate and protein were detected in one (1.8%) and two endoscopes (3.4%) in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=1.000). Hemoglobin was observed in one (1.8%) and three endoscopes (5.2%) in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=0.636). The adenosine triphosphate levels were 10.6±15.9 and 12.5±14.3 relative light units in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=0.496). Twenty-seven (48.2%) and 19 (32.8%) endoscopes were positive for microbial cultures in the CB and BB groups, respectively (p=0.136).
Conclusions
The efficacy of BB was not significantly different from that of CB in the endoscopic channel-cleaning process.

Citations

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An investigation into cleaning quality of suction-type metal lumen instruments: a cross-sectional study
Yuqi Wu, Li Li
Scientific Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
A prospective, quasi-experimental study on the efficacy of a novel double-headed endoscope cleaning brush for cleaning flexible endoscopes
Rui Shen, Yaping Wu, Jiajun Lv, Qukai Liu, Weiyan Yao, Shu Chen, Dandan Liu, Huijun Xi, Yibo Zhang
BMC Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of brushing efficacy for gastroscopes using different brush types under simulated contamination conditions
J.Y. Li, W.Q. Hu, C.Y. Zhou, Y.X. Ge, Q. Gu
Journal of Hospital Infection.2025; 162: 160. CrossRef
Simulated-use evaluation of rapid ChannelCheck™ cleaning test for optimal detection of organic residues in flexible endoscope channels
K. Kulkarni, M. Gavette, M.J. Alfa
Journal of Hospital Infection.2024; 152: 66. CrossRef

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Contamination Rates in Duodenoscopes Reprocessed Using Enhanced Surveillance and Reprocessing Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Shivanand Bomman, Munish Ashat, Navroop Nagra, Mahendran Jayaraj, Shruti Chandra, Richard A Kozarek, Andrew Ross, Rajesh Krishnamoorthi; Clin Endosc 2022;55(1):33-40. Published online January 3, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.212

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Background
/Aims: Multiple outbreaks of multidrug-resistant organisms have been reported worldwide due to contaminated duodenoscopes. In 2015, the United States Food and Drug Administration recommended the following supplemental enhanced surveillance and reprocessing techniques (ESRT) to improve duodenoscope disinfection: (1) microbiological culture, (2) ethylene oxide sterilization, (3) liquid chemical sterilant processing system, and (4) double high-level disinfection. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess the impact of ESRT on the contamination rates.
Methods
A thorough and systematic search was performed across several databases and conference proceedings from inception until January 2021, and all studies reporting the effectiveness of various ESRTs were identified. The pooled contamination rates of post-ESRT duodenoscopes were estimated using the random effects model.
Results
A total of seven studies using various ESRTs were incorporated in the analysis, which included a total of 9,084 post-ESRT duodenoscope cultures. The pooled contamination rate of the post-ESRT duodenoscope was 5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3%–10.8%, inconsistency index [I²]=97.97%). Pooled contamination rates for high-risk organisms were 0.8% (95% CI: 0.2%–2.7%, I²=94.96).
Conclusions
While ESRT may improve the disinfection process, a post-ESRT contamination rate of 5% is not negligible. Ongoing efforts to mitigate the rate of contamination by improving disinfection techniques and innovations in duodenoscope design to improve safety are warranted.

Citations

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Recommendations and guidelines for endoscope reprocessing: Current position statement of digestive endoscopic society of Taiwan
Wei-Kuo Chang, Chen-Ling Peng, Yen-Wei Chen, Cheuk-Kay Sun, Chieh-Chang Chen, Tao-Chieh Liu, Yin-Yi Chu, I-Fang Tsai, Chen-Shuan Chung, Hsiao-Fen Lin, Fang-Yu Hsu, Wei-Chen Tai, Hsi-Chang Lee, Hsu-Heng Yen, E-Ming Wang, Shu-Hui Chen, Cheng-Hsin Chu, Ming-
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2024; 57(2): 211. CrossRef
Duodenoscopes With Disposable Elevator Caps—An Incremental Reduction in Infection Risk for Patients
Melinda Wang, Graham M. Snyder
JAMA Internal Medicine.2023; 183(3): 200. CrossRef
Transmission of oral microbiota to the biliary tract during endoscopic retrograde cholangiography
Maria Effenberger, Ramona Al-Zoairy, Ronald Gstir, Ivo Graziadei, Hubert Schwaighofer, Herbert Tilg, Heinz Zoller
BMC Gastroenterology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Role of peroral cholangioscopy and pancreatoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary and pancreatic disease: past, present, and future
Harishankar Gopakumar, Neil R. Sharma
Frontiers in Gastroenterology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Performance of single-use duodenoscopes for ERCP: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Harishankar Gopakumar, Ishaan Vohra, Neil R. Sharma, Srinivas R. Puli
iGIE.2022; 1(1): 77. CrossRef

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Special Review: Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy “Accreditation of Qualified Endoscopy Unit” Guideline: Update 2019

Updates on the Disinfection and Infection Control Process of the Accredited Endoscopy Unit: Jeong Eun Shin, Yunho Jung, Jeong Hoon Lee, Byoung Kwan Son, Jae-Young Jang, Hyung-Keun Kim, Byung Ik Jang, The Quality Management Committee and the Disinfection Management Committee of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; Clin Endosc 2019;52(5):443-450. Published online September 30, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2019.173

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

A thorough disinfection and infection control process associated with gastrointestinal endoscopy is highly important for the health and safety of the examinee and the medical staff involved in the procedure. Endoscopic reprocessing and disinfection are two of the most important steps in quality control of endoscopy. In 2019, the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy updated the Accreditation of Qualified Endoscopy Unit assessment items for these quality indicators. Assessment of disinfection and infection control comprises 28 mandatory items in the categories of disinfection education, pre-cleaning, cleaning, disinfection, rinsing, drying, reprocessing, storage, endoscopic accessories, water bottle and connectors, space/facilities, personal protective equipment, disinfection ledger, and regulations regarding infection control and disinfection.
The updated Accreditation of Qualified Endoscopy Unit assessment items are useful for improving the quality of endoscopy by ensuring thorough inspection of endoscopic disinfection and infection control.

Citations

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Analysis of sterilization efficiency and application cost of three low temperature sterilization methods
Hui Chen, Jiawei Liu, Aiying Zeng, Nian Qin
Review of Scientific Instruments.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Intensive reprocessing of reusable bronchoscopes can reduce the false positive rate of Xpert MTB/RIF caused by nucleic acid residue
Xingxing Jin, Qianfang Hu, Yishi Li, Xia Zhang, Wan Tao, Houyu Zhong, Qinghai Zhao
Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases.2024; 37: 100476. CrossRef
Endoscope Cleaning and Disinfection Guidelines for Primary Care Physicians
Yoo-Bin Seo, Seung Hee Kim, Eon Sook Lee, Seung Jin Jung, Sang Keun Hahm
Korean Journal of Family Practice.2024; 14(4): 165. CrossRef
Infection control in the bronchoscopy suite: effective reprocessing and disinfection of reusable bronchoscopes
Mamta S. Chhabria, Fabien Maldonado, Atul C. Mehta
Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine.2023; 29(1): 21. CrossRef
Endoscopy in surgery
María Rita Rodríguez-Luna, Silvana Perretta
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Features of the work of an endoscopic nurse in Russia and other countries
E. Yu. Pinina, S. S. Pirogov, N. Yu. Zarubina, A. S. Vodoleev, E. S. Karpova, A. D. Kaprin
Filin’s Clinical endoscopy.2023; 62(1): 37. CrossRef
Safety of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in Korea: A Nationwide Survey and Population-Based Study
Yunho Jung, Jung-Wook Kim, Jong Pil Im, Yu Kyung Cho, Tae Hee Lee, Jae-Young Jang
Journal of Korean Medical Science.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
A nationwide survey on the effectiveness of training on endoscope reprocessing within the national cancer screening program in Korea
Hye Young Shin, Da Hun Jang, Jae Kwan Jun
American Journal of Infection Control.2021; 49(8): 1031. CrossRef
Effectiveness Between Daily and After-Each-Case Room Disinfection of the Endoscopy Unit
Bo Jin, Yue Hu, Liang Huang, Xiaoyun Cheng, Jin Zhao, Xuejing Yang, Xiling Sun, Tieer Gan, Bin Lu
Frontiers in Public Health.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Sans Standardization: Effective Endoscope Reprocessing
Sameer K. Avasarala, Lawrence F. Muscarella, Atul C. Mehta
Respiration.2021; 100(12): 1208. CrossRef
Sharing Our Experience of Operating an Endoscopy Unit in the Midst of a COVID-19 Outbreak
Jimin Han, Eun Young Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2020; 53(2): 243. CrossRef

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Original Article

Experimental Study to Develop a Method for Improving Sample Collection to Monitor Laryngoscopes after Reprocessing: Savina Ditommaso, Monica Giacomuzzi, Elisa Ricciardi, Carla Zotti; Clin Endosc 2018;51(5):463-469. Published online August 21, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2018.012

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: The microbiological surveillance of endoscopes and automated flexible endoscope reprocessing have been proven to be two of the most difficult and controversial areas of infection control in endoscopy. The purpose of this study was to standardize a sampling method for assessing the effectiveness of standard reprocessing operating procedures for flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopes (FFLs).
Methods
First, the sampling devices were directly inoculated with Bacillus atrophaeus spores; second, tissue non tissue (TNT) wipes were tested on artificially contaminated surfaces and on FFLs.
Results
Comparison of the sponges, cellulose, and TNT wipes indicated that the TNT wipes were more effective in releasing spores (93%) than the sponges (49%) and cellulose wipes (52%). The developed protocol provides a high efficiency for both collection and extraction from the stainless steel surface (87% of the spores were removed and released) and from the FFL (85% of the spores were removed and released), with relatively low standard deviations for recovery efficiency, particularly for the analysis of the FFL.
Conclusions
TNT wipes are more efficient for sampling surface areas, thereby aiding in the accuracy and reproducibility of environmental surveillance.

Citations

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A prospective, quasi-experimental study on the efficacy of a novel double-headed endoscope cleaning brush for cleaning flexible endoscopes
Rui Shen, Yaping Wu, Jiajun Lv, Qukai Liu, Weiyan Yao, Shu Chen, Dandan Liu, Huijun Xi, Yibo Zhang
BMC Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Sampling methods for flexible endoscopes without a working channel: a scoping review
Yana Halmans, David Wellenstein, Joost Hopman, Robert Takes, Guido van den Broek
Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology.2025; 46(6): 635. CrossRef
A cost comparison between reusable flexible and disposable laryngoscopes
James Ellis, Albert H Park, Aaron Prussin
American Journal of Otolaryngology.2022; 43(2): 103321. CrossRef
Using Microbiological Sampling to Evaluate the Efficacy of Nasofibroscope Disinfection: The Tristel Trio Wipes System in Ear–Nose–Throat (ENT) Endoscopy
Savina Ditommaso, Monica Giacomuzzi, Raffaella Cipriani, Teresa Zaccaria, Rossana Cavallo, Valeria Boggio, Roberto Albera, Carla M. Zotti
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2019; 16(22): 4583. CrossRef
What is the Best Sampling Method to Monitor the Effect of Endoscopy Reprocessing?
Kwang Hyun Chung, Byung Ik Jang
Clinical Endoscopy.2018; 51(5): 397. CrossRef

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Focused Review Series: Endoscopic Disinfection in the Eras of MERS

Endoscope Reprocessing: Update on Controversial Issues: Hyun Ho Choi, Young-Seok Cho; Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):356-360. Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.356

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Several issues concerning endoscope reprocessing remain unresolved based on currently available data. Thus, further studies are required to confirm standard practices including safe endoscope shelf life, proper frequency of replacement of some accessories including water bottles and connecting tubes, and microbiological surveillance testing of endoscopes after reprocessing. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of newer technology that allows automated cleaning and disinfection is one such controversial issue. In addition, there are no guidelines on whether delayed reprocessing and extended soaking may harm endoscope integrity or increase the bioburden on the external or internal device surfaces. In this review, we discuss the unresolved and controversial issues regarding endoscope reprocessing.

Citations

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Management of Endoscopic Accessories and Water and Irrigation Systems in the Gastroenterology Setting
Susan Bocian, Stefany Comeaux, Cynthia M. Friis, Michelle Juan, Jay Lardizabal, Stephanie Prischak, Colleen Sawyer
Gastroenterology Nursing.2024; 47(6): 488. CrossRef
Efficient endoscope inner channel surface disinfection using a two-step atmospheric pressure plasma treatment
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Applied Surface Science.2023; 623: 156936. CrossRef
Current and Future Sustainability Traits of Digestive Endoscopy
Tiberia Ioana Ilias, Cristian Sergiu Hocopan, Roxana Brata, Ovidiu Fratila
Sustainability.2023; 15(22): 15872. CrossRef
Packaging and Waste in the Endoscopy Suite
Silvio W. de Melo, Gordon L. Taylor, John Y. Kao
Techniques and Innovations in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2021; 23(4): 371. CrossRef
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Gastroenterology Nursing.2020; 43(2): E80. CrossRef
Novel and effective disposable device that provides 2-way protection to the duodenoscope from microbial contamination
Pankaj J. Pasricha, Scott Miller, Frank Carter, Romney Humphries
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2020; 92(1): 199. CrossRef
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Anne Sohrt, Lars Ehlers, Flemming Witt Udsen, Anders Mærkedahl, Brendan A. McGrath
PharmacoEconomics - Open.2019; 3(2): 189. CrossRef
The validity of adenosine triphosphate measurement in detecting endoscope contamination
C.E. McCafferty, D. Abi-Hanna, M.J. Aghajani, G.T. Micali, I. Lockart, K. Vickery, I.B. Gosbell, S.O. Jensen
Journal of Hospital Infection.2018; 100(3): e142. CrossRef
An update on gastrointestinal endoscopy-associated infections and their contributing factors
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Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
The Importance of Leak Testing Flexible Endoscopes
Cheron Rojo
AORN Journal.2018; 108(6): 622. CrossRef

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Role of Clinical Endoscopy in Emphasizing Endoscope Disinfection: Ji Kon Ryu, Eun Young Kim, Kwang An Kwon, Il Ju Choi, Ki Baik Hahm; Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):351-355. Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.351

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Based on the unexpected Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) outbreak in Korea, it was established that the virus can spread easily, MERS exposure in hospitals carries an extreme risk for infection as well as mortality, and the sharing of information was essential for infection control. Although the incidence of exogenous infections related to contaminated endoscopes is very low, the majority of published outbreaks have been caused by various shortcomings in reprocessing procedures, including insufficient training or awareness. Ever since the inauguration of "Clinical Endoscopy" as an English-language journal of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in 2011, it has published several articles on disinfection of the endoscope and its accessories. Many Science Citation Index journals have also emphasized high-level disinfection of the gastrointestinal endoscope. Many papers have been produced specifically, since the outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 2013. The recent review papers concluded that quality control is the most important issue among all the aspects of procedural care, including the efficiency of the gastrointestinal endoscopy unit and reprocessing room. Thorough reprocessing of endoscopes using high-level disinfection and sterilization methods may be essential for reducing the risk of infection.

Citations

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Audit of flexible laryngoscopy use and decontamination using a chlorine dioxide wipe system during COVID-19: Assessing the risk of disease transmission
Edgardo Abelardo, Gareth Davies, Charlotte Sanders, Jennifer Wallace, Nikolaos Makrygiannis, Antony Howarth
Infection Prevention in Practice.2022; 4(3): 100220. CrossRef
Laryngoscopy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Bo Hae Kim, Yun-Sung Lim
Journal of The Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics.2022; 33(3): 160. CrossRef
Endoscopy mitigation strategy with telemedicine and low-cost device use for COVID-19 prevention: A fourth-level Colombian center experience
José Roberto Jurado, Jorge Hernán Santos Nieto, Jairo Ospina Gaitán, Constanza Garzón Bonilla, Ricardo Villarreal, David Acevedo, Laura Cabrera, Luis Felipe Cabrera, Mauricio Pedraza
Arab Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 22(2): 170. CrossRef
The structure and delivery of a novel training course on endoscope reprocessing and standard precautions in the endoscopy unit
Carmel Malvar, Tiffany Nguyen-Vu, Amandeep Shergill, Yung Ka Chin, Aruna Baniya, Michelle McAnanama, Tonya Kaltenbach, Roy Soetikno
VideoGIE.2020; 5(5): 176. CrossRef
Flexible Laryngoscopy and COVID‐19
Anaïs Rameau, VyVy N. Young, Milan R. Amin, Lucian Sulica
Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery.2020; 162(6): 813. CrossRef
COVID-19 outbreak and endoscopy: Considerations in patients encountered in a foregut surgery practice
Tanya Olszewski, Andrew D Grubic, Shahin Ayazi, Blair A Jobe
World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2020; 12(5): 197. CrossRef
Comparative Study of Microbiological Monitoring Results from Three Types of Sampling Methods after Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing
Su Ma, Lili Feng, Ziyi Jiang, Xian Gao, Xisha Long, Shaonan Zhuang, Wenxia Ding, Taiyao Chen, Zhaoshen Li, Lingjuan Zhang, Huijun Xi, Hongzhi Zhang
BioMed Research International.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef

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Review

Steps of Reprocessing and Equipments: Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park; Clin Endosc 2013;46(3):274-279. Published online May 31, 2013; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.3.274

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

With the increasing interest in endoscopy and the rising number of endoscopic examinations in hospitals, the importance of endoscopic reprocessing is also increasing. Cure facilities that are understaffed and ill-equipped are trying to cope with the problems of insufficient cleaning and high infection risks. To prevent endoscopy-associated infection, the endoscope cleaning, and disinfection guidelines prepared by the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy must be followed. In this review, the steps of endoscopic reprocessing and the equipments required in each step are discussed.

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An Analysis of the Contaminants on Otoscopes of Otolaryngology Residents: An Observational Study
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Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery.2024; 76(4): 3386. CrossRef
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Naomi Northage, Vasyl Shvalya, Martina Modic, Thorsten Juergens, Sascha Eschborn, Malcolm J. Horsburgh, James L. Walsh
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Endoscopy's Current Carbon Footprint
Keith Siau, Bu'Hussain Hayee, Swapna Gayam
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Experimental Study to Develop a Method for Improving Sample Collection to Monitor Laryngoscopes after Reprocessing
Savina Ditommaso, Monica Giacomuzzi, Elisa Ricciardi, Carla Zotti
Clinical Endoscopy.2018; 51(5): 463. CrossRef
Education and Training Guidelines for the Board of the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Hee Seok Moon, Eun Kwang Choi, Ji Hyun Seo, Jeong Seop Moon, Ho June Song, Kyoung Oh Kim, Jong Jin Hyun, Sung Kwan Shin, Beom Jae Lee, Sang Heon Lee
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Endoscope Reprocessing: Update on Controversial Issues
Hyun Ho Choi, Young-Seok Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 356. CrossRef
Recent Update on Microbiological Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Endoscopes after High-Level Disinfection
Suk Pyo Shin, Won Hee Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 369. CrossRef
Role of Clinical Endoscopy in Emphasizing Endoscope Disinfection
Ji Kon Ryu, Eun Young Kim, Kwang An Kwon, Il Ju Choi, Ki Baik Hahm
Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 351. CrossRef
Current Status of Endoscope Reprocessing in Korea
Young-Seok Cho
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Introduction to Starting Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: Proper Insertion, Complete Observation, and Appropriate Photographing
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High-level disinfection of gastrointestinal endoscope reprocessing
King-Wah Chiu
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Highlights of the 48th Seminar of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Kwang An Kwon, Il Ju Choi, Eun Young Kim, Seok Ho Dong, Ki Baik Hahm
Clinical Endoscopy.2013; 46(3): 203. CrossRef

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Original Article

Comparison on the Efficacy of Disinfectants Used in Automated Endoscope Reprocessors: PHMB-DBAC versus Orthophthalaldehyde: Sun Young Kim, Hong Sik Lee, Jong Jin Hyun, Min Ho Seo, Sun Young Yim, Ha Young Oh, Hye Sook Kim, Bora Keum, Yeon Seok Seo, Yong Sik Kim, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hoon Jai Chun, Soon Ho Um, Chang Duck Kim, Ho Sang Ryu; Clin Endosc 2011;44(2):109-115. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2011.44.2.109

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims

Since endoscopes are reusable apparatus classified as semicritical item, thorough reprocessing to achieve high-level disinfection is of utmost importance to prevent spread of infection. To improve disinfection efficacy and safety, disinfectants and endoscope reprocessors are continuously evolving. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the combination of polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (PHMB-DBAC) and orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) used respectively in ultrasonographic cleaning incorporated automated endoscope reprocessors: COOLENDO (APEX Korea) or OER-A (Olympus Optical).

Methods

A total of 86 flexible upper endoscopes were randomly reprocessed with either COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC or OER-A/OPA. Culture samplings were done at two sites (endoscope tip and working channel) which were later incubated on blood agar plate. Bacterial colonies were counted and identified.

Results

The culture-positive rate at the endoscope tip and working channel was 0% and 2.33% for COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC and 4.65% and 0% for OER-A/OPA. Staphylococcus hominis was cultured from one endoscope reprocessed with COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC and Pseudomonas putida was isolated from two endoscopes reprocessed with OER-A/OPA.

Conclusions

The reprocessing efficacy of COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC was non-inferior to that of OER-A/OPA (p=0.032; confidence interval, -0.042 to 0.042). During the study period, significant side effect of PHMB-DBAC was not observed.

Citations

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Recommendations and guidelines for endoscope reprocessing: Current position statement of digestive endoscopic society of Taiwan
Wei-Kuo Chang, Chen-Ling Peng, Yen-Wei Chen, Cheuk-Kay Sun, Chieh-Chang Chen, Tao-Chieh Liu, Yin-Yi Chu, I-Fang Tsai, Chen-Shuan Chung, Hsiao-Fen Lin, Fang-Yu Hsu, Wei-Chen Tai, Hsi-Chang Lee, Hsu-Heng Yen, E-Ming Wang, Shu-Hui Chen, Cheng-Hsin Chu, Ming-
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2024; 57(2): 211. CrossRef
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Asian Journal of Chemistry.2020; 32(6): 1491. CrossRef
Antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm under combined exposure of glutaraldehyde, near-infrared light, and 405-nm laser
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PLOS ONE.2018; 13(8): e0202821. CrossRef
Comparison of the efficacy of disinfectants in automated endoscope reprocessors for colonoscopes: tertiary amine compound (Sencron2®) versus ortho-phthalaldehyde (Cidex®OPA)
Hyun Il Seo, Dae Sung Lee, Eun Mi Yoon, Min-Jung Kwon, Hyosoon Park, Yoon Suk Jung, Jung Ho Park, Chong Il Sohn, Dong Il Park
Intestinal Research.2016; 14(2): 178. CrossRef
Role of Clinical Endoscopy in Emphasizing Endoscope Disinfection
Ji Kon Ryu, Eun Young Kim, Kwang An Kwon, Il Ju Choi, Ki Baik Hahm
Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 351. CrossRef
Recent Update of Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing
Kyong Hee Hong, Yun Jeong Lim
Clinical Endoscopy.2013; 46(3): 267. CrossRef
Steps of Reprocessing and Equipments
Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park
Clinical Endoscopy.2013; 46(3): 274. CrossRef
The antibiofilm effects of Byotrol™ G32
N. Govindji, P. Wills, M. Upton, N. Tirelli, S. Yeates, M. Webb
Journal of Applied Microbiology.2013; 114(5): 1285. CrossRef

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Glutaraldehyde 와 자동 세척기를 이용한 내시경 소독방법의 임상에서의 유용성 ( Disinfection Efficacy of Glutaraldehyde and an Automated Endoscope Reprocessor : an In - Use Evaluation ): Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;22(6):393-398. Published online November 30, 2000

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: Safety of endoscopic procedures has been a major issue over the last 10 years. Most endoscopy units use 2% glutaraldehyde and automated endoscope reprocessors (AERs) for disinfecting gastrointestinal endoscopes. We attempted an in-use evaluation of the current reprocessing procedures. Methods: Thirty flexible endoscopes were randomly collected just after upper endoscopic examinations and were disinfected using 2% glutaraldehyde in an AER. Cultures were taken from biopsy channels (S-l), tip of the insertion tubes (S-2), umbilical cords (S-3), and angulation knobs (S-4). Results: In 63,3% (19/30) of endoscopes, there was no microbial contamination after disinfection procedures. The culture positive rates of S-l, S-2, S-3, and S-4 samples were 20,0%, 0.0%, 3.3%, and 20.0%, respectively. Microorganisms of 13 species were identified, but there was no pathogen related with reported infectious complications after endoscopic procedures. Conclusions: Current disinfection procedure using 2% glutaraldehyde and an AER appears to be very effective in decontaminating patient-used endoscopes. Low level microbial contamination of endoscopes after conventional reprocessing methods may not impose great risk on patients. (Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2001;22:393-398)

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소화기 내시경에 대한 Superoxidized Water ( Cleantop )의 소독 효과 ( The Value of Superoxidized Water ( Claentop ) for Endoscopic Disinfection ): Korean J Gastrointest Endosc 2000;21(5):819-824. Published online November 30, 1999

Abstract PDF: Background
/Aims: Conventional disinfectants are expensive, hazardous, and often require long periods of exposure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a new endoscopic disinfector (Cleantop) that uses superoxidized water (SW) as a disinfectant. Methods: Immediately after patient examinations endoscopes were cleaned manually and disinfected with SW for seven minutes. Cultures were taken from valves (swabbing), biopsy channels (rinsing), and biopsy channels after brushing (rinsing). The results were compared with those of other disinfectants tested previously by the same culture methods. Results: Of 12 endoscopes disinfected with SW, disinfection rates were 83.3%, 58.3% and 25% at valves, channels and channels after brushing, respectively. In no instances were more than 100 colony forming units (cfu) of bacteria recovered from each endoscope. SW was similar to peroxygen compound (33.3%, 50%, 50%) and 2% glutaraldehyde (100%, 16.7%, 16.7%) in its disinfectant effect, since 100 or more cfu of bacteria were recovered only from endoscopes disinfected with peroxygen compound. The number of bacterial recovered from endoscopes disinfected with 2% glutaraldehyde was less than 10 cfu. Conclusions: Disinfection with SW appears to be an effective and time-saving alternative to conventional disinfectants.

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