Clinical Endoscopy

Endoscopic findings of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related gastrointestinal adverse events: Min Kyu Kim, Sung Wook Hwang; Received December 31, 2023 Accepted March 11, 2024 Published online August 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.003 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) for the treatment of various malignancies is increasing. Immune-related adverse events can occur after ICI administration, with gastrointestinal adverse events constituting a significant proportion of these events. When ICI-related diarrhea/colitis is suspected, endoscopic evaluation is recommended to differentiate it from other etiologies and assess the severity of colitis. The distribution of intestinal inflammation in ICI-related colitis demonstrates a high frequency of extensive colitis (23–86%). However, isolated right-sided colitis (3–8%) and ileitis (2–16%) are less prevalent. Endoscopic findings vary and predominantly encompass features indicative of inflammatory bowel disease, including aphthae, ulcers, diffuse or patchy erythema, mucosal edema, loss of vascular pattern, and friability. The presence of ulcers and extensive intestinal inflammation are associated with a reduced response to treatment. Microscopic inflammation can be observed even in endoscopically normal mucosa, underscoring the need for biopsies of seemingly normal mucosa. Histological findings present with acute/chronic inflammation and occasionally exhibit characteristics observed in inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, or ischemic colitis. The first-line therapeutic choice for ICI-related diarrhea/colitis with a common terminology criteria for adverse events grade of 2 or above is corticosteroids, whereas infliximab and vedolizumab are recommended for refractory cases.

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Safety and efficacy of trans-afferent loop endoscopic ultrasound-guided pancreaticojejunostomy for post pancreaticoduodenectomy anastomotic stricture using the forward-viewing echoendoscope: a retrospective study from Japan: Ahmed Sadek, Kazuo Hara, Nozomi Okuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Toshitaka Fukui, Minako Urata, Takashi Kondo, Yoshitaro Yamamoto, Kenneth Tachi; Received April 12, 2024 Accepted May 31, 2024 Published online August 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.089 [Epub ahead of print]

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided pancreatic duct drainage is a well-established procedure for managing pancreaticojejunostomy anastomotic strictures (PJAS) post-Whipple surgery. In this study, we examined the effectiveness and safety of EUS-guided pancreaticojejunostomy (EUS-PJS).
Methods
This retrospective, single-arm study was performed at Aichi Cancer Center Hospital on 10 patients who underwent EUS-guided pancreaticojejunostomy through the afferent jejunal loop using a forward-viewing echoendoscope when endoscopic retrograde pancreatography failed. Our primary endpoint was technical success rate, defined as successful stent insertion. The secondary endpoints were early and late adverse events.
Results
A total of 10 patients underwent EUS-PJS between February 2019 and October 2023. The technical success rate was 100%. The median procedure time was 23.5 minutes. No remarkable early or late adverse events related to the procedure, except for fever, occurred in two patients. The median follow-up duration was 9.5 months, and the median number of stent exchanges was two. A stent-free state was achieved in three patients.
Conclusions
EUS-PJS for PJAS management after pancreaticoduodenectomy appears to be an effective and safe procedure with the potential advantages of fewer reinterventions and the creation of a permanent drainage fistula.

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Role of endoscopy in eosinophilic esophagitis: Eun-Jin Yang, Kee Wook Jung; Received January 26, 2024 Accepted April 4, 2024 Published online July 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.023 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic immune-mediated disease involving inflammation of the esophagus. Endoscopy is essential in the diagnosis and treatment of EoE and shows typical findings, including esophageal edema, rings, exudates, furrows, and stenosis. However, studies involving pediatric and adult patients with EoE suggest that even a normally appearing esophagus can be diagnosed as EoE by endoscopic biopsy. Therefore, in patients with suspected EoE, biopsy samples should be obtained from the esophagus regardless of endoscopic appearance. Moreover, follow-up endoscopies with biopsy after therapy initiation are usually recommended to assess response. Although previous reports of endoscopic ultrasonography findings in patients with EoE have shown diffuse thickening of the esophageal wall, including lamina propria, submucosa, and muscularis propria, its role in EoE remains uncertain and requires further investigation. Endoscopic dilation or bougienage is a safe and effective procedure that can be used in combination with medical and/or dietary elimination therapy in patients with esophageal stricture for the management of dysphagia and to prevent its recurrence.

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Painless colonoscopy: fact or fiction?: Pieter Sinonquel, Alexander Jans, Raf Bisschops; Received December 27, 2023 Accepted January 19, 2024 Published online June 27, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.001 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Although colonoscopy is a routinely performed procedure, it is not devoid of challenges, such as the potential for perforation and considerable patient discomfort, leading to patients postponing the procedure with several healthcare risks. This review delves into preprocedural and procedural solutions, and emerging technologies aimed at addressing the drawbacks of colonoscopies. Insufflation and sedation techniques, together with various other methods, have been explored to increase patient satisfaction, and thereby, the quality of endoscopy. Recent advances in this field include the prevention of loop formation, encompassing the use of variable-stiffness endoscopes, computer-guided scopes, magnetic endoscopic imaging, robotics, and capsule endoscopy. An autonomous endoscope that relies on self-propulsion to completely avoid looping is a potentially groundbreaking technology for the next generation of endoscopes. Nevertheless, critical techniques need to be refined to ensure the development of effective and efficient endoscopes.

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The evolution and current state of bariatric endoscopy in Western countries: Maria Valeria Matteo, Vincenzo Bove, Valerio Pontecorvi, Loredana Gualtieri, Giorgio Carlino, Cristiano Spada, Ivo Boškoski; Received September 29, 2023 Accepted January 14, 2024 Published online May 24, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.253 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: With the alarmingly increasing prevalence of obesity in the Western world, it has become necessary to provide more acceptable treatment options for patients with obesity. Minimally invasive endoscopic techniques are continuously evolving. Currently, metabolic and bariatric endoscopies encompass several different techniques that can offer significant weight loss and improvement in comorbidities with a favorable safety profile. Restrictive bariatric procedures include the use of intragastric balloons and gastric remodeling techniques with different suturing devices. Several studies have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of these techniques that are widely used in clinical practice. Small intestine-targeted metabolic endoscopy is an intriguing and rapidly evolving field of research, although it is not widespread in routine practice. These techniques include duodenal-jejunal bypass liners, duodenal mucosal resurfacing, and incisionless anastomoses. The aim of this review article is to provide a detailed update on the currently available bariatric endoscopy techniques in Western countries.

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Development of a predictive model for hypoxia due to sedatives in gastrointestinal endoscopy: a prospective clinical study in Korea: Jung Wan Choe, Jong Jin Hyun, Seong-Jin Son, Seung-Hak Lee; Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):476-485. Published online April 12, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.198

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: Sedation has become a standard practice for patients undergoing gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. However, considering the serious cardiopulmonary adverse events associated with sedatives, it is important to identify patients at high risk. Machine learning can generate reasonable prediction for a wide range of medical conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the risk factors associated with sedation during GI endoscopy and develop a predictive model for hypoxia during endoscopy under sedation.
Methods
This prospective observational study enrolled 446 patients who underwent sedative endoscopy at the Korea University Ansan Hospital. Clinical data were used as predictor variables to construct predictive models using the random forest method that is a machine learning algorithm.
Results
Seventy-two of the 446 patients (16.1%) experienced life-threatening hypoxia requiring immediate medical intervention. Patients who developed hypoxia had higher body weight, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference, and Mallampati scores. Propofol alone and higher initial and total dose of propofol were significantly associated with hypoxia during sedative endoscopy. Among these variables, high BMI, neck circumference, and Mallampati score were independent risk factors for hypoxia. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the random forest-based predictive model for hypoxia during sedative endoscopy was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.79–0.86) and displayed a moderate discriminatory power.
Conclusions
High BMI, neck circumference, and Mallampati score were independently associated with hypoxia during sedative endoscopy. We constructed a model with acceptable performance for predicting hypoxia during sedative endoscopy.

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Safety and efficacy of novel oblique-viewing scope for B2-endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy: Sho Ishikawa, Kazuo Hara, Nozomi Okuno, Nobumasa Mizuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Yasuhiro Kuraishi, Takafumi Yanaidani, Masanori Yamada, Tsukasa Yasuda, Toshitaka Fukui, Teru Kumagi, Yoichi Hiasa; Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):527-533. Published online March 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.129

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) performed at the intrahepatic bile duct segment 3 (B3) is widely used for biliary drainage. Although performing post-puncture procedures is easier in the intrahepatic bile duct segment 2 (B2) when using a conventional oblique-viewing (OV) EUS scope, this method may cause transesophageal puncture and severe adverse events. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of B2 puncture using a novel OV-EUS scope.
Methods
In this single-center retrospective study, we prospectively enrolled and collected data from 45 patients who consecutively underwent EUS-HGS procedures with a novel OV-EUS scope between September 2021 and December 2022 at our cancer center.
Results
The technical success rates of B2-EUS-HGS and EUS-HGS were 93.3% (42/45) and 97.8% (44/45), respectively. The early adverse event rate was 8.9% (4/45) with no cases of scope changes or transesophageal punctures. The median procedure time was 13 minutes (range, 5–30).
Conclusions
B2-EUS-HGS can be performed safely with the novel EG-740UT (Fujifilm) OV-scope without transesophageal puncture and with a high success rate. B2-EUS-HGS using this novel OV scope may be the preferred strategy for EUS-HGS.

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Dedicated Echoendoscope for Interventional Endoscopic Ultrasound: Comparison with a Conventional Echoendoscope
Toshio Fujisawa, Shigeto Ishii, Yousuke Nakai, Hirofumi Kogure, Ko Tomishima, Yusuke Takasaki, Koichi Ito, Sho Takahashi, Akinori Suzuki, Hiroyuki Isayama
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(10): 2840. CrossRef

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Prevalence and natural course of incidental gastric subepithelial tumors: Dae-Hyuk Heo, Min A Yang, Jae Sun Song, Won Dong Lee, Jin Woong Cho; Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):495-500. Published online March 29, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.124

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Gastric subepithelial tumors (SETs) are often encountered during the upper gastrointestinal endoscopic screening. We assessed the prevalence of gastric SETs and the risk factors for their progression.
Methods
We reviewed the electronic medical records of 30,754 patients who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopic screening at our medical center between January 2013 and December 2016.
Results
Among the 30,754 patients examined, 599 (1.94%) had gastric SETs. The prevalence increased with age and was 9.56% in patients aged ≥70 years. In total, 262 patients underwent serial endoscopy for more than 6 months. The median age was 68 years (interquartile range [IQR], 61–74), and the number of females was 167 (63.7%). During a median follow-up of 58 months (IQR, 38–75), 22 patients (8.4%) showed significant changes in tumor size. An irregular border (odds ratio, 4.623; 95% confidence interval, 1.093–19.558; p=0.037) was a significant risk factor for progression. Seven patients underwent surgical or endoscopic resections. The pathologies of gastric SETs included leiomyomas (n=3), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (n=2), and lipomas (n=2).
Conclusions
The prevalence of gastric SETs increases with age. Most gastric SETs do not progress during long-term endoscopic examinations, and the risk of an increase in size is low in asymptomatic small SETs without irregular borders.

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Artificial Intelligence-Based Diagnosis of Gastric Mesenchymal Tumors Using Digital Endosonography Image Analysis
Dong Chan Joo, Gwang Ha Kim, Moon Won Lee, Bong Eun Lee, Ji Woo Kim, Kwang Baek Kim
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(13): 3725. CrossRef

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Clinicopathological and endoscopic features of Helicobacter pylori infection-negative gastric cancer in Japan: a retrospective study: Kentaro Imamura, Kenshi Yao, Satoshi Nimura, Takao Kanemitsu, Masaki Miyaoka, Yoichiro Ono, Toshiharu Ueki, Hiroshi Tanabe; Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):486-494. Published online March 22, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.258

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Helicobacter pylori infection-negative gastric cancer (HPNGC) has not been systematically investigated in consecutive patients. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and endoscopic features of HPNGC.
Methods
This single-center retrospective study selected participants from patients with gastric cancer who were treated at the Fukuoka University Chikushi Hospital between January 2013 and December 2021. Only patients diagnosed with HPNGC were enrolled, and their clinicopathological and endoscopic features were analyzed in detail.
Results
The prevalence of HPNGC in the present study was 2.6% (54/2112). The types of HPNGC observed in each gastric region were as follows: advanced gastric cancer was observed in the cardia; gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic-gland differentiation, gastric adenocarcinoma of foveolar-type presenting with whitish elevation and raspberry-like foveolar-type gastric adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma arising in polyposis, and gastric adenocarcinoma with autoimmune gastritis were observed in the fundic gland region ranging from the gastric fornix to the gastric body; signet-ring cell carcinoma was observed in the gastric-pyloric transition region ranging from the lower gastric body to the gastric angle; and well-differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma with low-grade atypia was observed in the antrum.
Conclusions
This study revealed that tumors from each gastric region exhibited distinct macroscopic and histological types in HPNGC.

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Is your endoscopist qualified enough to detect Helicobacter pylori-naive status?
Sun-Young Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 466. CrossRef

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International Digestive Endoscopy Network consensus on the management of antithrombotic agents in patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy: Seung Joo Kang, Chung Hyun Tae, Chang Seok Bang, Cheol Min Shin, Young-Hoon Jeong, Miyoung Choi, Joo Ha Hwang, Yutaka Saito, Philip Wai Yan Chiu, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Christopher Khor, Vu Van Khien, Kee Don Choi, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Oh Young Lee, The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines; Clin Endosc 2024;57(2):141-157. Published online March 14, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2024.002

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Antithrombotic agents, including antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants, are widely used in Korea because of the increasing incidence of cardiocerebrovascular disease and the aging population. The management of patients using antithrombotic agents during endoscopic procedures is an important clinical challenge. The clinical practice guidelines for this issue, developed by the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, were published in 2020. However, new evidence on the use of dual antiplatelet therapy and direct anticoagulant management has emerged, and revised guidelines have been issued in the United States and Europe. Accordingly, the previous guidelines were revised. Cardiologists were part of the group that developed the guideline, and the recommendations went through a consensus-reaching process among international experts. This guideline presents 14 recommendations made based on the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology and was reviewed by multidisciplinary experts. These guidelines provide useful information that can assist endoscopists in the management of patients receiving antithrombotic agents who require diagnostic and elective therapeutic endoscopy. It will be revised as necessary to cover changes in technology, evidence, or other aspects of clinical practice.

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As how artificial intelligence is revolutionizing endoscopy: Jean-Francois Rey; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):302-308. Published online March 8, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.230

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

With incessant advances in information technology and its implications in all domains of our lives, artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a requirement for improved machine performance. This brings forth the query of how this can benefit endoscopists and improve both diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy in each part of the gastrointestinal tract. Additionally, it also raises the question of the recent benefits and clinical usefulness of this new technology in daily endoscopic practice. There are two main categories of AI systems: computer-assisted detection (CADe) for lesion detection and computer-assisted diagnosis (CADx) for optical biopsy and lesion characterization. Quality assurance is the next step in the complete monitoring of high-quality colonoscopies. In all cases, computer-aided endoscopy is used, as the overall results rely on the physician. Video capsule endoscopy is a unique example in which a computer operates a device, stores multiple images, and performs an accurate diagnosis. While there are many expectations, we need to standardize and assess various software packages. It is important for healthcare providers to support this new development and make its use an obligation in daily clinical practice. In summary, AI represents a breakthrough in digestive endoscopy. Screening for gastric and colonic cancer detection should be improved, particularly outside expert centers. Prospective and multicenter trials are mandatory before introducing new software into clinical practice.

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Deep Learning-Based Real-Time Organ Localization and Transit Time Estimation in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy
Seung-Joo Nam, Gwiseong Moon, Jung-Hwan Park, Yoon Kim, Yun Jeong Lim, Hyun-Soo Choi
Biomedicines.2024; 12(8): 1704. CrossRef

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Role of endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner in obesity management and glycemic control: Willian Ferreira Igi, Victor Lira de Oliveira, Ayah Matar, Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):309-316. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.217

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The treatment of obesity and its comorbidities ranges from clinical management involving lifestyle changes and medications to bariatric and metabolic surgery. Various endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies recently emerged to address an important therapeutic gap by offering a less invasive alternative to surgery that is more effective than conservative therapies. This article comprehensively reviews the technical aspects, mechanism of action, outcomes, and future perspectives of one of the most promising endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies, named duodenojejunal bypass liner. The duodenojejunal bypass liner mimics the mechanism of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by preventing food contact with the duodenum and proximal jejunum, thereby initiating a series of hormonal changes that lead to delayed gastric emptying and malabsorptive effects. These physiological changes result in significant weight loss and improved metabolic control, leading to better glycemic levels, preventing dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and mitigating cardiovascular risk. However, concern exists regarding the safety profile of this device due to the reported high rates of severe adverse events, particularly liver abscesses. Ongoing technical changes aiming to reduce adverse events are being evaluated in clinical trials and may provide more reliable data to support its routine use in clinical practice.

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Bacteroides and NAFLD: pathophysiology and therapy
Jun Zhang, Jing Zhou, Zheyun He, Hongshan Li
Frontiers in Microbiology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Endoscopic resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor using clip-and-cut endoscopic full-thickness resection: a single-center, retrospective cohort in Korea: Yuri Kim, Ji Yong Ahn, Hwoon-Yong Jung, Seokin Kang, Ho June Song, Kee Don Choi, Do Hoon Kim, Jeong Hoon Lee, Hee Kyong Na, Young Soo Park; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):350-363. Published online February 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.144

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: To overcome the technical limitations of classic endoscopic resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), various methods have been developed. In this study, we examined the role and feasibility of clip-and-cut procedures (clip-and-cut endoscopic full-thickness resection [cc-EFTR]) for gastric GISTs.
Methods
Medical records of 83 patients diagnosed with GISTs after endoscopic resection between 2005 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Moreover, clinical characteristics and outcomes were analyzed.
Results
Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and cc-EFTR were performed in 51 and 32 patients, respectively. The GISTs were detected in the upper third of the stomach for ESD (52.9%) and cc-EFTR (90.6%). Within the cc-EFTR group, a majority of GISTs were located in the deep muscularis propria or serosal layer, accounting for 96.9%, as opposed to those in the ESD group (45.1%). The R0 resection rates were 51.0% and 84.4% in the ESD and cc-EFTR groups, respectively. Seven (8.4%) patients required surgical treatment (six patients underwent ESD and one underwent cc-EFTR,) due to residual tumor (n=5) and post-procedure adverse events (n=2). Patients undergoing R0 or R1 resection did not experience recurrence during a median 14-month follow-up period, except for one patient in the ESD group.
Conclusions
cc-EFTR displayed a high R0 resection rate; therefore, it is a safe and effective therapeutic option for small gastric GISTs.

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Endoscopic resection penetrating the muscularis propria for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: advances and challenges
Jin Woong Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(3): 329. CrossRef

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The role of cap-assisted endoscopy and its future implications: Sol Kim, Bo-In Lee; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):293-301. Published online February 7, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.051

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Cap-assisted endoscopy refers to a procedure in which a short tube made of a polymer (mostly transparent) is attached to the distal tip of the endoscope to enhance its diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. It is reported to be particularly useful in: (1) minimizing blind spots during screening colonoscopy, (2) providing a constant distance from a lesion for clear visualization during magnifying endoscopy, (3) accurately assessing the size of various gastrointestinal lesions, (4) preventing mucosal injury during foreign body removal, (5) securing adequate workspace in the submucosal space during endoscopic submucosal dissection or third space endoscopy, (6) providing an optimal approach angle to a target, and (7) suctioning mucosal and submucosal tissue with negative pressure for resection or approximation. Here, we review various applications of attachable caps in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy and their future implications.

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Costs involved in compliance with new endoscope reprocessing guidelines: David Hoffman, Christina Cool; Clin Endosc 2024;57(4):534-541. Published online January 26, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.164

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: In March 2022, the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) released the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/AAMI ST91:2021, their latest update on comprehensive, flexible, and semirigid endoscope reprocessing. These updated standards recommend the sterilization of high-risk endoscopes when possible and provide new recommendations for the precleaning, leak testing, manual cleaning, visual inspection, automated reprocessing, drying, storage, and transport of endoscopes.
Methods
ANSI/AAMI ST91:2021 was compared with ANSI/AAMI ST91:2015 for major reprocessing differences that result in either time and/or cost increases. Time estimates were captured by explicit recommendation inclusion or taken from the literature. All the costs were estimated using publicly available resources.
Results
The updated standards represent a potential 24.3-minute and 52.35 to 67.57 United States dollars increase per procedure in terms of reprocessing time and spending, respectively, not including capital investments. Capital costs per procedure were highly dependent on the procedure volume of the facility.
Conclusions
The new AAMI standards recommend several major changes, such as sterilization, for facilities to reprocess and manage endoscopes between uses. As more facilities increase their reprocessing methods to reflect the updated standards, they do so at a cost and introduce several delays. As the reprocessing landscape evolves, facilities should consider their true costs and alternative solutions, such as single-use endoscopes.

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Application of artificial intelligence for diagnosis of early gastric cancer based on magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging: Yusuke Horiuchi, Toshiaki Hirasawa, Junko Fujisaki; Clin Endosc 2024;57(1):11-17. Published online January 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.173

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Although magnifying endoscopy with narrow-band imaging is the standard diagnostic test for gastric cancer, diagnosing gastric cancer using this technology requires considerable skill. Artificial intelligence has superior image recognition, and its usefulness in endoscopic image diagnosis has been reported in many cases. The diagnostic performance (accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity) of artificial intelligence using magnifying endoscopy with narrow band still images and videos for gastric cancer was higher than that of expert endoscopists, suggesting the usefulness of artificial intelligence in diagnosing gastric cancer. Histological diagnosis of gastric cancer using artificial intelligence is also promising. However, previous studies on the use of artificial intelligence to diagnose gastric cancer were small-scale; thus, large-scale studies are necessary to examine whether a high diagnostic performance can be achieved. In addition, the diagnosis of gastric cancer using artificial intelligence has not yet become widespread in clinical practice, and further research is necessary. Therefore, in the future, artificial intelligence must be further developed as an instrument, and its diagnostic performance is expected to improve with the accumulation of numerous cases nationwide.

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Pitfalls in Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer with Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Gwang Ha Kim
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(3): 368. CrossRef

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Advanced endoscopic imaging for detection of Barrett’s esophagus: Netanel Zilberstein, Michelle Godbee, Neal A. Mehta, Irving Waxman; Clin Endosc 2024;57(1):1-10. Published online January 5, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.031

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is the precursor to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), and is caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux. BE can progress over time from metaplasia to dysplasia, and eventually to EAC. EAC is associated with a poor prognosis, often due to advanced disease at the time of diagnosis. However, if BE is diagnosed early, pharmacologic and endoscopic treatments can prevent progression to EAC. The current standard of care for BE surveillance utilizes the Seattle protocol. Unfortunately, a sizable proportion of early EAC and BE-related high-grade dysplasia (HGD) are missed due to poor adherence to the Seattle protocol and sampling errors. New modalities using artificial intelligence (AI) have been proposed to improve the detection of early EAC and BE-related HGD. This review will focus on AI technology and its application to various endoscopic modalities such as high-definition white light endoscopy, narrow-band imaging, and volumetric laser endomicroscopy.

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Advancements in Barrett's esophagus detection: The role of artificial intelligence and its implications
Sara Massironi
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 30(11): 1494. CrossRef

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Endoscopic management of postoperative bleeding: Sung Hyeok Ryou, Ki Bae Bang; Clin Endosc 2023;56(6):706-715. Published online November 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.028

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding is a rare but serious complication that can lead to prolonged hospitalization and significant morbidity and mortality. It can be managed by reoperation, endoscopy, or radiological intervention. Although reoperation carries risks, particularly in critically ill postoperative patients, minimally invasive interventions, such as endoscopy or radiological intervention, confer advantages. Endoscopy allows localization of the bleeding focus and hemostatic management at the same time. Although there have been concerns regarding the potential risk of creating an anastomotic disruption or perforation during early postoperative endoscopy, endoscopic management has become more popular over time. However, there is currently no consensus on the best endoscopic management for postoperative gastrointestinal bleeding because most practices are based on retrospective case series. Furthermore, there is a wide range of individual complexities in anatomical and clinical settings after surgery. This review focused on the safety and effectiveness of endoscopic management in various surgical settings.

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Stricturing Crohn's disease: what is the role of endoscopic stenting? A systematic review: Giorgia Burrelli Scotti, Roberto Lorenzetti, Annalisa Aratari, Antonietta Lamazza, Enrico Fiori, Claudio Papi, Stefano Festa; Clin Endosc 2023;56(6):726-734. Published online October 24, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.059

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Background
/Aims: Endoscopic stenting for stricturing Crohn's disease (CD) is an emerging treatment that achieves more persistent dilatation of the stricture over time than endoscopic balloon dilatation (EBD). We aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of stenting for the treatment of CD strictures.
Methods
A systematic electronic literature search was performed (PROSPERO; no. CRD42022308033). The primary outcomes were technical success, efficacy, complication rate, and the need for further interventions due to reobstruction. The outcomes of partially covered self-expanding metal stents (PCSEMS) with scheduled retrieval after seven days were also analyzed.
Results
Eleven eligible studies were included in the review. Overall, 173 patients with CD were included in this study. Mean percentage of technical success was 95% (range, 80%–100%), short-term efficacy was 100% in all studies, and long-term efficacy was 56% (range, 25%–90%). In patients with a scheduled PCSEMS retrieval, the long-term efficacy was 76% (range, 59%–90%), the mean complication rate was 35% (range, 15%–57%), and the major complication rate was 11% (range, 0%–29%).
Conclusions
Endoscopic stenting with scheduled PCSEMS retrieval may be considered a feasible second-line treatment for short CD strictures to postpone surgery. However, larger head-to-head prospective studies are needed to understand the role of stenting as an alternative or additional treatment to EBD in CD.

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Perioperative Considerations for the Surgical Treatment of Crohn’s Disease with Discussion on Surgical Antibiotics Practices and Impact on the Gut Microbiome
Shelbi Olson, Lindsay Welton, Cyrus Jahansouz
Antibiotics.2024; 13(4): 317. CrossRef

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Role of endoscopy in gastroesophageal reflux disease: Daniel Martin Simadibrata, Elvira Lesmana, Ronnie Fass; Clin Endosc 2023;56(6):681-692. Published online October 12, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.182

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In general, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is diagnosed clinically based on typical symptoms and/or response to proton pump inhibitor treatment. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is reserved for patients presenting with alarm symptoms, such as dysphagia, odynophagia, significant weight loss, gastrointestinal bleeding, or anorexia; those who meet the criteria for Barrett’s esophagus screening; those who report a lack or partial response to proton pump inhibitor treatment; and those with prior endoscopic or surgical anti-reflux interventions. Newer endoscopic techniques are primarily used to increase diagnostic yield and provide an alternative to medical or surgical treatment for GERD. The available endoscopic modalities for the diagnosis of GERD include conventional endoscopy with white-light imaging, high-resolution and high-magnification endoscopy, chromoendoscopy, image-enhanced endoscopy (narrow-band imaging, I- SCAN, flexible spectral imaging color enhancement, blue laser imaging, and linked color imaging), and confocal laser endomicroscopy. Endoscopic techniques for treating GERD include esophageal radiofrequency energy delivery/Stretta procedure, transoral incisionless fundoplication, and endoscopic full-thickness plication. Other novel techniques include anti-reflux mucosectomy, peroral endoscopic cardiac constriction, endoscopic submucosal dissection, and endoscopic band ligation. Currently, many of the new endoscopic techniques are not widely available, and their use is limited to centers of excellence.

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Long-term efficacy of endoscopic radiofrequency Stretta therapy for patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease
Sung Eun Kim
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(1): 48. CrossRef
The role of ghrelin and leptin in the formation of morphological changes esophagus of patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease against type 2 diabetes
Olha Bondar-Keleberda
EUREKA: Health Sciences.2023; (4): 24. CrossRef

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Current status of image-enhanced endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease: Young Joo Yang; Clin Endosc 2023;56(5):563-577. Published online September 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.070

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In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic inflammation leads to unfavorable clinical outcomes and increases the risk of developing colorectal neoplasm (CRN); thereby highlighting the importance of endoscopically evaluating disease activity as well as detecting and characterizing CRN in patients with IBD. With recent advances in image-enhanced endoscopic (IEE) technologies, especially virtual chromoendoscopy (VCE) platforms, this review discusses state-of-the-art IEE techniques and their applicability in assessing disease activity and surveillance colonoscopy in patients with IBD. Among various IEE, VCE demonstrated the capacity to identify quiescent disease activity. And endoscopic remission defined by the new scoring system using VCE platform better predicted clinical outcomes, which may benefit the tailoring of therapeutic strategies in patients with IBD. High-definition dye-chromoendoscopy (HD-DCE) is numerically superior to high-definition white light endoscopy (HD-WLE) in detecting CRN in IBD; however, discrepancy is observed in the statistical significance. VCE showed comparable performance in detecting dysplasia to HD-WLE or DCE and potential for optical diagnosis to differentiate neoplastic from nonneoplastic lesions during surveillance colonoscopy. Applying these novel advanced IEE technologies would provide opportunities for personalized medicine in IBD and optimal treatment of CRN in patients with IBD.

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Advanced Endoscopic Imaging for Detection of Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Laura Alexandra Lucaciu, Edward John Despott
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Safety of endoscopic ultrasound-guided hepaticogastrostomy in patients with malignant biliary obstruction and ascites: Tsukasa Yasuda, Kazuo Hara, Nobumasa Mizuno, Shin Haba, Takamichi Kuwahara, Nozomi Okuno, Yasuhiro Kuraishi, Takafumi Yanaidani, Sho Ishikawa, Masanori Yamada, Toshitaka Fukui; Clin Endosc 2024;57(2):246-252. Published online September 7, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.075

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS-HGS) is useful for patients with biliary cannulation failure or inaccessible papillae. However, it can lead to serious complications such as bile peritonitis in patients with ascites; therefore, development of a safe method to perform EUS-HGS is important. Herein, we evaluated the safety of EUS-HGS with continuous ascitic fluid drainage in patients with ascites.
Methods
Patients with moderate or severe ascites who underwent continuous ascites drainage, which was initiated before EUS-HGS and terminated after the procedure at our institution between April 2015 and December 2022, were included in the study. We evaluated the technical and clinical success rates, EUS-HGS-related complications, and feasibility of re-intervention.
Results
Ten patients underwent continuous ascites drainage, which was initiated before EUS-HGS and terminated after completion of the procedure. Median duration of ascites drainage before and after EUS-HGS was 2 and 4 days, respectively. Technical success with EUS-HGS was achieved in all 10 patients (100%). Clinical success with EUS-HGS was achieved in 9 of the 10 patients (90 %). No endoscopic complications such as bile peritonitis were observed.
Conclusions
In patients with ascites, continuous ascites drainage, which is initiated before EUS-HGS and terminated after completion of the procedure, may prevent complications and allow safe performance of EUS-HGS.

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Management of iatrogenic perforations during endoscopic interventions in the hepato-pancreatico-biliary tract
Kirsten Boonstra, Rogier P. Voermans, Roy L.J. van Wanrooij
Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology.2024; 70: 101890. CrossRef
Is Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Hepaticogastrostomy Safe and Effective after Failed Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography?—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Saqr Alsakarneh, Mahmoud Y. Madi, Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Fouad Jaber, Yassine Kilani, Mohamed Ahmed, Azizullah Beran, Mohamed Abdallah, Omar Al Ta’ani, Anika Mittal, Laith Numan, Hemant Goyal, Mohammad Bilal, Wissam Kiwan
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(13): 3883. CrossRef

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E-learning system to improve the endoscopic diagnosis of early gastric cancer: Kenshi Yao, Takashi Yao, Noriya Uedo, Hisashi Doyama, Hideki Ishikawa, Satoshi Nimura, Yuichi Takahashi; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):283-292. Published online August 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.087

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We developed three e-learning systems for endoscopists to acquire the necessary skills to improve the diagnosis of early gastric cancer (EGC) and demonstrated their usefulness using randomized controlled trials. The subjects of the three e-learning systems were “detection”, “characterization”, and “preoperative assessment”. The contents of each e-learning system included “technique”, “knowledge”, and “obtaining experience”. All e-learning systems proved useful for endoscopists to learn how to diagnose EGC. Lecture videos describing “the technique” and “the knowledge” can be beneficial. In addition, repeating 100 self-study cases allows learners to gain “experience” and improve their diagnostic skills further. Web-based e-learning systems have more advantages than other teaching methods because the number of participants is unlimited. Histopathological diagnosis is the gold standard for the diagnosis of gastric cancer. Therefore, we developed a comprehensive diagnostic algorithm to standardize the histopathological diagnosis of gastric cancer. Once we have successfully shown that this algorithm is helpful for the accurate histopathological diagnosis of cancer, we will complete a series of e-learning systems designed to assess EGC accurately.

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Pitfalls in Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer with Papillary Adenocarcinoma
Gwang Ha Kim
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(3): 368. CrossRef

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Detecting colorectal lesions with image-enhanced endoscopy: an updated review from clinical trials: Mizuki Nagai, Sho Suzuki, Yohei Minato, Fumiaki Ishibashi, Kentaro Mochida, Ken Ohata, Tetsuo Morishita; Clin Endosc 2023;56(5):553-562. Published online July 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.055

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Colonoscopy plays an important role in reducing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer by detecting adenomas and other precancerous lesions. Image-enhanced endoscopy (IEE) increases lesion visibility by enhancing the microstructure, blood vessels, and mucosal surface color, resulting in the detection of colorectal lesions. In recent years, various IEE techniques have been used in clinical practice, each with its unique characteristics. Numerous studies have reported the effectiveness of IEE in the detection of colorectal lesions. IEEs can be divided into two broad categories according to the nature of the image: images constructed using narrowband wavelength light, such as narrowband imaging and blue laser imaging/blue light imaging, or color images based on white light, such as linked color imaging, texture and color enhancement imaging, and i-scan. Conversely, artificial intelligence (AI) systems, such as computer-aided diagnosis systems, have recently been developed to assist endoscopists in detecting colorectal lesions during colonoscopy. To better understand the features of each IEE, this review presents the effectiveness of each type of IEE and their combination with AI for colorectal lesion detection by referencing the latest research data.

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Approaches and considerations in the endoscopic treatment of T1 colorectal cancer
Yunho Jung
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2024; 39(4): 563. CrossRef
Advanced Endoscopic Imaging for Detection of Dysplasia in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Laura Alexandra Lucaciu, Edward John Despott
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Strategy for post-polypectomy colonoscopy surveillance: focus on the revised Korean guidelines
Yong Soo Kwon, Su Young Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 652. CrossRef
AI-powered medical devices for practical clinicians including the diagnosis of colorectal polyps
Donghwan Kim, Eunsun Kim
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2023; 66(11): 658. CrossRef

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220 Download
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Endoscopic treatment of upper gastrointestinal postsurgical leaks: a narrative review: Renato Medas, Eduardo Rodrigues-Pinto; Clin Endosc 2023;56(6):693-705. Published online July 3, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.043

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Upper gastrointestinal postsurgical leaks are life-threatening conditions with high mortality rates and are one of the most feared complications of surgery. Leaks are challenging to manage and often require radiological, endoscopic, or surgical intervention. Steady advancements in interventional endoscopy in recent decades have allowed the development of new endoscopic devices and techniques that provide a more effective and minimally invasive therapeutic option compared to surgery. Since there is no consensus regarding the most appropriate therapeutic approach for managing postsurgical leaks, this review aimed to summarize the best available current data. Our discussion specifically focuses on leak diagnosis, treatment aims, comparative endoscopic technique outcomes, and combined multimodality approach efficacy.

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Impact of a simple non-invasive nasal mask device on intraprocedural hypoxemia in overweight individuals undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with sedation provided by a non-anesthesiologist provider: Jan Drews, Jonas Harder, Hannah Kaiser, Miriam Soenarjo, Dorothee Spahlinger, Peter Wohlmuth, Sebastian Wirtz, Ralf Eberhardt, Florian Bornitz, Torsten Bunde, Thomas von Hahn; Clin Endosc 2024;57(2):196-202. Published online June 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.010

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Background
/Aims: Hypoxemia is a common side effect of propofol sedation during endoscopy. Applying mild positive airway pressure (PAP) using a nasal mask may offer a simple way to reduce such events and optimize the conditions for diagnostic and therapeutic upper gastrointestinal endoscopies.
Methods
We compared overweight patients (body mass index >25 kg/m2) with a nasal PAP mask or standard nasal cannula undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopies by non-anesthesiologists who provided propofol sedation. Outcome parameters included the frequency and severity of hypoxemic episodes.
Results
We analyzed 102 procedures in 51 patients with nasal PAP masks and 51 controls. Episodes of hypoxemia (oxygen saturation [SpO2] <90% at any time during sedation) occurred in 25 (49.0%) controls compared to 8 (15.7%) patients with nasal PAP masks (p<0.001). Severe hypoxemia (SpO2 <80%) occurred in three individuals (5.9%) in both groups. The mean delta between baseline SpO2 and the lowest SpO2 recorded was significantly decreased among patients with nasal PAP mask compared to controls (3.7 and 8.2 percentage points difference, respectively). There were significantly fewer airway interventions performed in the nasal PAP mask group (15.7% vs. 41.2%, p=0.008).
Conclusions
Using a nasal PAP mask may be a simple means of increasing patient safety and ease of examination.

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Sedation for GI Endoscopy in the Morbidly Obese: Challenges and Possible Solutions
Lalitha Sundararaman, Basavana Goudra
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2024; 13(16): 4635. CrossRef

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Clinical practice guidelines for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: Chung Hyun Tae, Ju Yup Lee, Moon Kyung Joo, Chan Hyuk Park, Eun Jeong Gong, Cheol Min Shin, Hyun Lim, Hyuk Soon Choi, Miyoung Choi, Sang Hoon Kim, Chul-Hyun Lim, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Ki-Nam Shim, Geun Am Song, Moon Sung Lee, Jong-Jae Park, Oh Young Lee, Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines; Clin Endosc 2023;56(4):391-408. Published online June 23, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.062

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

With an aging population, the number of patients with difficulty in swallowing due to medical conditions is gradually increasing. In such cases, enteral nutrition is administered through a temporary nasogastric tube. However, the long-term use of a nasogastric tube leads to various complications and a decreased quality of life. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is the percutaneous placement of a tube into the stomach that is aided endoscopically and may be an alternative to a nasogastric tube when enteral nutritional is required for four weeks or more. This paper is the first Korean clinical guideline for PEG developed jointly by the Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research and led by the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. These guidelines aimed to provide physicians, including endoscopists, with the indications, use of prophylactic antibiotics, timing of enteric nutrition, tube placement methods, complications, replacement, and tube removal for PEG based on the currently available clinical evidence.

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A Multicenter Survey of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in 2019 at Korean Medical Institutions
Jun Woo Park, Tae Gyun Kim, Kwang Bum Cho, Jeong Seok Kim, Jin Woong Cho, Jung Won Jeon, Sun Gyo Lim, Chan Gyoo Kim, Hong Jun Park, Tae Jun Kim, Eun Sun Kim, Su Jin Jeong, Yong Hwan Kwon
Gut and Liver.2024; 18(1): 77. CrossRef
Fast-track discharge following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy removal in head and neck cancer patients after remission: a feasibility and safety study
Daniel Conceição, Luís Correia Gomes, Fátima Francisco, Ivone Frade, Joana Gramacho, Sandra Faias, Isabel Claro
Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.2024; 28(6): 943. CrossRef
When to feed after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Matthew L. Bechtold, Zahid Ijaz Tarar, Muhammad N. Yousaf, Ghady Moafa, Abdul M. Majzoub, Xheni Deda, Michelle L. Matteson‐Kome, Srinivas R. Puli
Nutrition in Clinical Practice.2024; 39(5): 1191. CrossRef
The Effect of Oral Diet Training in Indwelling Nasogastric Tube Patients with Prolonged Dysphagia
Byung-chan Choi, Sook Joung Lee, Eunseok Choi, Sangjee Lee, Jungsoo Lee
Nutrients.2024; 16(15): 2424. CrossRef
The Impact of Palliative Decompressive Gastrostomy Tube Placement on Patients and Their Caregivers: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Jeffrey L. Roberson, Julia A. Gasior, Sara P. Ginzberg, Emna Bakillah, Jesse Passman, Lauren Shreve, Catherine E. Sharoky, Gregory Nadolski, Katherine R. Courtright, Elinore J. Kaufman
Annals of Surgical Oncology.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
A systematic review and quality appraisal of guidelines and recommendations for home enteral tube feeding in adults
Andriana Korai, Isabella Thomson, Sharon Carey, Margaret Allman-Farinelli
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2024;[Epub] CrossRef

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Aerosol protection using modified N95 respirator during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a randomized controlled trial: Chawisa Nampoolsuksan, Thawatchai Akaraviputh, Asada Methasate, Jirawat Swangsri, Atthaphorn Trakarnsanga, Chainarong Phalanusitthepha, Thammawat Parakonthun, Voraboot Taweerutchana, Nicha Srisuworanan, Tharathorn Suwatthanarak, Thikhamporn Tawantanakorn, Varut Lohsiriwat, Vitoon Chinswangwatanakul; Clin Endosc 2024;57(3):335-341. Published online June 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.018

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Background
/Aims: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has affected the worldwide practice of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Here we designed a modified N95 respirator with a channel for endoscope insertion and evaluated its efficacy in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.
Methods
Thirty patients scheduled for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy were randomized into the modified N95 (n=15) or control (n=15) group. The mask was placed on the patient after anesthesia administration and particles were counted every minute before (baseline) and during the procedure by a TSI AeroTrak particle counter (9306-04; TSI Inc.) and categorized by size (0.3, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 10 µm). Differences in particle counts between time points were recorded.
Results
During the procedure, the modified N95 group displayed significantly smaller overall particle sizes than the control group (median [interquartile range], 231 [54–385] vs. 579 [213–1,379]×103/m3; p=0.056). However, the intervention group had a significant decrease in 0.3-µm particles (68 [–25–185] vs. 242 [72–588]×103/m3; p=0.045). No adverse events occurred in either group. The device did not cause any inconvenience to the endoscopists or patients.
Conclusions
This modified N95 respirator reduced the number of particles, especially 0.3-µm particles, generated during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.

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Role of endoscopy in patients with achalasia: So Young Han, Young Hoon Youn; Clin Endosc 2023;56(5):537-545. Published online June 2, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.001

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Achalasia is an esophageal motility disorder characterized by impaired lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and peristalsis of the esophageal body. With the increasing prevalence of achalasia, interest in the role of endoscopy in its diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring is also growing. The major diagnostic modalities for achalasia include high-resolution manometry, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, and barium esophagography. Endoscopic assessment is important for early diagnosis to rule out diseases that mimic achalasia symptoms, such as pseudo-achalasia, esophageal cancer, esophageal webs, and eosinophilic esophagitis. The major endoscopic characteristics suggestive of achalasia include a widened esophageal lumen and food residue in the esophagus. Once diagnosed, achalasia can be treated either endoscopically or surgically. The preference for endoscopic treatment is increasing owing to its minimal invasiveness. Botulinum toxins, pneumatic balloon dilation, and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) are important endoscopic treatments. Previous studies have demonstrated excellent treatment outcomes for POEM, with >95% improvement in dysphagia, making POEM the mainstay treatment option for achalasia. Several studies have reported an increased risk of esophageal cancer in patients with achalasia. However, routine endoscopic surveillance remains controversial owing to the lack of sufficient data. Further studies on surveillance methods and duration are warranted to establish concordant guidelines for the endoscopic surveillance of achalasia.

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The role of cap-assisted endoscopy and its future implications
Sol Kim, Bo-In Lee
Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(3): 293. CrossRef
Case of Concomitant Endoscopic Treatment of Achalasia with Superficial Esophageal Cancer
Myung-Hun Lee, Kyoungwon Jung, Jae Hyun Kim, Sung Eun Kim, Won Moon, Moo In Park, Seun Ja Park
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 82(5): 248. CrossRef

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Preclinical study of a novel ingestible bleeding sensor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding: Kimberly F. Schuster, Christopher C. Thompson, Marvin Ryou; Clin Endosc 2024;57(1):73-81. Published online May 31, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2022.293

Graphical Abstract Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background
/Aims: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is a life-threatening condition that necessitates early identification and intervention and is associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic burden. However, several diagnostic challenges remain regarding risk stratification and the optimal timing of endoscopy. The PillSense System is a noninvasive device developed to detect blood in patients with UGIB in real time. This study aimed to assess the safety and performance characteristics of PillSense using a simulated bleeding model.
Methods
A preclinical study was performed using an in vivo porcine model (14 animals). Fourteen PillSense capsules were endoscopically placed in the stomach and blood was injected into the stomach to simulate bleeding. The safety and sensitivity of blood detection and pill excretion were also investigated.
Results
All the sensors successfully detected the presence or absence of blood. The minimum threshold was 9% blood concentration, with additional detection of increasing concentrations of up to 22.5% blood. All the sensors passed naturally through the gastrointestinal tract.
Conclusions
This study demonstrated the ability of the PillSense System sensor to detect UGIB across a wide range of blood concentrations. This ingestible device detects UGIB in real time and has the potential to be an effective tool to supplement the current standard of care. These favorable results will be further investigated in future clinical studies.

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Miniaturized Capsule System Toward Real‐Time Electrochemical Detection of H2S in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Justin M. Stine, Katie L. Ruland, Luke A. Beardslee, Joshua A. Levy, Hossein Abianeh, Santiago Botasini, Pankaj J. Pasricha, Reza Ghodssi
Advanced Healthcare Materials.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

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