Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): PDT Mechanisms

Ron R. Allison; Keyvan Moghissi

doi:10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.24

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Focused Review Series: Photodynamic Therapy Photodynamic Therapy (PDT): PDT Mechanisms: Ron R. Allison¹, Keyvan Moghissi²; Clinical Endoscopy 2013;46(1):24-29.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2013.46.1.24
Published online: January 31, 2013

¹²¹st Century Oncology, Greenville, NC, USA.

²Yorkshire Laser Center, Goole, UK.

Correspondence: Keyvan Moghissi. Yorkshire Laser Center, Goole, East Yorkshire, DN14 6RX, UK. Tel: +44-172-429-0456, Fax: +44-172-429-0471, kmoghissi@yorkshirelasercentre.org

• Received: November 20, 2012 • Revised: January 8, 2013 • Accepted: January 11, 2013

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
PDT COMPONENTS
PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS
PDT MECHANISMS
CLINICAL APPLICATION OF MECHANISMS
CONCLUSIONS
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a light based therapy used to ablate tumors. As practiced in oncology a photosensitizing agent is applied and then activated by a specific wavelength and energy of light. This light energy in the presence of oxygen will lead to the creation of the photodynamic reaction which is cyto and vasculo toxic. This paper will review the mechanisms of action of PDT and how they may be manipulated to improve clinical outcome in cancer patients.
Keywords: Photochemotherapy; Mechanisms; Photosensitizing agents; Photodynamic reaction

INTRODUCTION

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an elegant light based oncologic intervention. As currently practiced, a photosensitizer (PS) is applied then activated by light of the appropriate wavelength and intensity. This creates the photodynamic reaction (PDR) which is tumor and vascular ablative.1 This paper will review the mechanisms of action that allow PDT to be a reliable oncologic therapy. We will also offer insight to clinicians and scientists on ways and means to improve therapy and outcome. Following a brief historical review, we will detail the components of PDT that will then allow us to better understand the mechanisms of action of this underutilized cancer treatment.

HISTORY

PDT was accidently discovered over 100 years ago by medical student Oscar Raab.2 He was studying the interaction of fluorescent dyes on infusaria. Raab found that intense light applied to the dye resulted in rapid destruction of these microorganisms. This new light based therapy was more formally described and elucidated by Raab's professors Jesionek and von Tappeiner who coined the ablative process, Photodynamische Wirkung, best translated as The PDR, and PDT was born. By the early 1900's, patients were being successfully treated by this process for a wide variety of cancers, particularly of the skin. Despite this early success, PDT did not achieve enough momentum and was lost for nearly 50 years when the PDR was rediscovered by Lipson and Schwartz. Studies during the 1950's to 1960 revealed not only tumor ablation but the inter-related ability of photosensitizing agents to fluoresce and demarcate tumors.3,4

However, it was not until the 1970's when Dougherty,5 working with porphyrin compounds, accidentally rediscovered PDT. In contrast to previous iterations, Dougherty created a commercially suitable photosensitizing drug, reliable light sources and appropriate clinical trials proving the value of PDT to the oncologic community. For this he is affectionately known as "The Father of PDT," though many other important figures helped bring PDT to a worldwide audience.

PDT COMPONENTS

To better understand the mechanisms of action of PDT, its components need to be defined and explored. Fundamentally, a PS agent is introduced, and then activated by light. When in the presence of oxygen, this active PS may create the PDR. This occurs in a complex interplay of time and space which should ultimately result in lesion ablation and sparing of normal tissue. We will look at each component separately, with a focus on how each effects PDT's mechanistics.

PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS

PS agents are natural or synthetic structures that transfer light energy.6 As photosynthesis is a form of light transfer that is the basis of life on Earth, it should come as no surprise that many structures allow for light transfer. However, to be considered a successful PS agent for PDT, the structure must allow for the specific creation of the PDR, which is detailed later in this section. Not surprisingly, the chlorophyll derivatives from plants and bacteria are excellent PS agents. So too are dyes and porphyrins. While thousands upon thousands of structures have been identified as PS agents, perhaps two dozen have been well characterized and only about one dozen employed in clinical trials. Of these perhaps two or three are Food and Drug Administration (or equivalent) approved and commercially available. In the clinic, a successful PS agent has most of the following characteristics: nontoxic till activated, hydrophilic for easy systemic application, activated by a clinically useful light wavelength (see below), and reliable generation of the PDR. It also concentrates in tumor, clears normal tissue, is eliminated from the patient relatively rapidly, is a nontoxic degradation product with ease of synthesis, pain free therapy and, just as importantly, commercial availability. Several excellent PS agents cannot be used simply because they are unavailable for purchase. Many countries have developed PSs that are approved for clinical use in their own territory and which have proved to be perfectly safe but are not licensed to be administered in another country. Currently several PS agents are on the market and while each creates the PDR they are not interchangeable. It is worth a brief review of the benefits and shortcomings of each. Please see Table 1.

Hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD)

HPD (Photofrin; Axcan Pharma/Pinnacle Inc., Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Canada) was the first commercially available drug and has the most clinical experience. This is the PS brought to market by Dougherty in the 1970's. HPD is a mixture of various monomers, dimmers, and polymers of hematoporphyrin, all required for successful PDT. This PS is nontoxic and upon activation with light does not cause pain, allowing for easy and reliable outpatient treatment. The drug is not an active producer of the PDR so treatment times can be 20 minutes or more per lesion. Further the drug is retained in various organs, including the skin for 6 to 8 weeks post introduction. Unintentional exposure of skin to sunlight (a strong light source) during this time frame can cause unintentional PDT to exposed skin. This can result in severe burn.

M-tetrahydroxophenyl chlorine (mTHPC) (Foscan)

This plant based chlorine derivative is synthetically pure and produces a rapid and significant PDR. Treatment time is measured in seconds. The drug is so active that after infusion patients must stay in a dark room for 24 hours as room light will activate the drug and cause a severe burn (dark toxicity). In addition, the treatment is painful so most individuals undergo illumination while under anesthesia. Still, as it is highly effective, the drug has found a niche in the treatment of primary and recurrent head and neck cancers.

Mono-L-aspartyl chlorine e6 (NPe6)

Marketed under different names such as MACE, LS11, NPe6, this derivative is called Fotolon (RUE Belmedpreparaty, Minsk, Republic of Belarus). This plant based chlorine is a very effective agent to generate the PDR. It does not have the dark toxicity common with Foscan (Biolitec Pharma Ltd., Dublin, Ireland) and also allows treatment several hours after infusion. In contrast to Photofrin or Foscan, this PS allows for same day infusion and therapy which is very convenient for patients and practitioners.

Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)

ALA is a prodrug that is enzymatically converted to Proto-Porphyrin IX, a potent PS. ALA can be topically placed, orally introduced or intravenously injected. Whilst the treatment is uncomfortable when topically placed, no systemic phototoxicity occurs. As such, ALA treatment has found a niche for cutaneous disease.

Fotosens

This is a dye based PS that can be activated shortly after infusion. This allows for same day therapy in a single sitting. However, illumination can take 20 minutes per lesion and several weeks of skin photosensitivity is to be expected.

Illumination

Each PS has a unique wavelength of light and intensity of light fluence required for successful activation. Clinically, red light -630 nm can penetrate tissue to perhaps 0.5 cm which allows for both surface and more deep seated tumor illumination.6,7 Some PS may activate at higher wavelength for deeper penetration, others at lower wavelengths for more superficial illumination. By choosing the appropriate PS and light wavelength, one can optimize treatment. For example, a superficial skin lesion may be illuminated with blue light -400 nm which allows only a 1 mm light penetration.6-9 When using topical ALA, PDT ablates the skin lesion but spares deep normal tissue of the skin. Clinically, this translates into successful cancer therapy without scarring of normal tissue. ALA, HPD, MACE, and Foscan can activate at multiple light wavelength from blue to green to red, again allowing for more selective illumination depth based on the individual tumor's depth and location of surrounding critical structures.6 This is an underutilized characteristic of these PS which could be better exploited in the clinic.

The light source itself can vary tremendously.7 As long as light of the appropriate wavelength and fluence activates the PS, successful PDT can occur. Intense visible multispectrum light from a lamp or precise laser light (tuned to the PSs) are currently successful light sources for PDT. Currently, regulatory agency approved PS also have regulatory agency approved light sources which are commercially available. As laser remains relatively expensive, though highly reliable; new light sources such as light emitting diodes (LED's) have been developed (Quantel Ltd., Newbury, UK). These are generally very small and portable, so new treatment paradigms such as prolonged or repeated (metronomic) PDT are now possible.

As the light itself must be brought to the region of treatment, a variety of procedures for PDT have been developed to accomplish this.8 Fiberoptic cables or the LED itself can be brought to the tumor bed by direct placement during surgery or endoscopy. In addition, ultrasound or computed tomography guided placement is also possible, similar to the brachytherapy procedure used in radiation oncology. With current technology, light sources can be reliably introduced into virtually all of human anatomy.

PDR

When light of the appropriate wavelength and intensity bathes the PS, a PDR may occur.9 Fundamentally, specific wavelength light activates the PS which then leads to a series of photochemical reactions that ideally allow for tumor destruction without undue normal tissue injury. Light energy alters the inert PS via electron transfer from the photon of light to the PS. This activated PS may then lose energy by several pathways. Energy loss may occur by release of light. This fluorescent phenomenon, may be observed, and allows for detection and delineation of tumor. Fluorescence detection is an underutilized pathway of the PS; it can assist in targeting tumor and defining normal tissue borders (which do not fluoresce) since minimal PS is in surrounding normal tissue. The active PS can also lose energy by creating a type I photochemical reaction. This Fenton reaction creates free radicals which are destructive. However, the most important pathway for clinical PDT is the generation of a type II photochemical reaction which is termed the PDR. Here the PS interacts with oxygen to generate singlet oxygen, which is considered to be the basis of PDT's tumor and vascular ablation ability. This oxygen dependent type II PDR is a sine qua non for PDT. The half life of singlet oxygen is in the order of 40 nanoseconds which allows for destruction of a radius of 20 nanometers.10 Whilst a truly tiny volume, clearly it is enough for clinical success.

PDT MECHANISMS

How exactly the PDR translates into successful clinical outcomes is a work in progress.11 As described, singlet oxygen has a radius of destruction measured in nanometers yet this allows for a significant and complex cascade of events resulting in local, regional, and systemic alteration of both tumor and immune response so that reliable tumor control is possible. This section will describe the mechanisms of action of PDT arbitrarily separated as cellular events, vascular events and systemic immune events. In vivo, these will occur simultaneously or nearly so.

Tumor cell

Tumor destruction from PDT can occur by both programmed (apoptotic) pathways and non-programmed (necrosis) pathways.12,13 This is fortunate as some tumors have developed genetic mutations eliminating or minimizing apoptosis.13 On a cellular and sub cellular level, the PS is brought to the malignancy through various mechanisms including:14-16 receptor mediated phagocytosis/endocytosis, low density lipoprotein receptor binding, lipid binding, uptake via tyrosine kinase/epidermal growth factor receptor, diffusion, biodistribution and perhaps many other yet undiscovered pathways. Each PS may have a preferred method of uptake into tumor cells.17,18 As an example Photofrin, composed of multiple sized porphyrins, is taken up by multiple pathways and is concentrated in not only the cell membrane but also various organelle membranes such as mitochondria. In contrast, MACE, which is amphiphilic, concentrates in mitochondria. Foscan appears to concentrate in the golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.

Generally, when high light intensity is employed, the tumor cells are rapidly ablated by necrosis.19 The cellular and sub cellular membrane destruction is rapid. Most probably, calcium20 and metabolic byproducts21 are released which are not compatible with cell function and repair functions are overwhelmed, leading to ablation of the tumor cell. This also leads to release of cytokines and toxic chemicals from, for example, the mitochondria.22 This leakage will then create lethal damage in cells nearby23 (bystander effect) as well as creating a regional and systematic reaction, which is described below.

In contrast, apoptotic death may be initiated by PDT, generally when low light doses are employed.24 During apoptosis, the cells cease to function and undergo an orderly and programmed dissolution. No bystander effect or immune response is expected as no toxic chemicals are leaked. Apoptotic pathways are found in both tumor and normal cells across many species including bacteria. It appears that apoptosis is a well conserved method of the organism to eliminate damaged cells. PDT appears to be able to activate this pathway.

It should be noted that PS is believed to preferentially concentrate in the rapidly dividing cells of malignancy whilst clearing preferentially from surrounding normal tissue which retains little PS. Therefore, ideally the PDR is lethal to tumors without affecting normal tissue. In reality, any cell with PS that is activated may undergo necrosis or apoptosis and, if normal tissue containing significant amounts of PS are exposed to light, severe tissue morbidity can be expected (i.e., skin photosensitivity).6

Vascular events

Just as in tumor cells, endothelial cells of the vascular systems can concentrate PS.17,18,25 This may be due to similar mechanisms including receptors, diffusion, and multiple other pathways, including some yet to be described. The neovasculature of malignancy is also felt to be leaky due to poor and incomplete cellular borders and may serve as an additional means for PS accumulation in tumor regions as it leaks through. In contrast, the surrounding normal vasculature in the nontumorous region may facilitate PS clearance.

Just as in tumor, PS in vasculature, when activated by appropriate light, will create the PDR. Several events will occur. By disrupting the vascular walls, blood will not flow to the tumor and oxygen will become scarce.26 When this occurs, necrosis is to be expected both of the involved neo vasculature and nearby tumor cells. The release of toxic chemicals, excess calcium and other intra cellular debris will lead to blockage and collapse of the micro vasculature feeding the tumor. Platelets will be activated and aggregate.27 Overall, a rapid loss of blood supply in concert with direct tumor and vascular cell lysis will be a lethal event to the tumor. Also possible, is a less intense reaction where light penetrates at lower fluences. Here, apoptosis pathways of the vasculature may occur, again leading to tumor hypoxia and destruction but without cytokine and immune activation. Clinically, both apoptosis and necrosis occurs in the neovasculature contributing significantly to tumor cell destruction not only directly by lack of blood and hypoxia but also by release of toxic substances such as thromboxanes, platelet aggregators, and various toxic cytokines which will also prime the immune system.28 Potentially, depending on the clinical situation, one may be able to illuminate in such a fashion as to favor apoptotic versus necrotic pathways.

Immune system

PDT may enhance immune response and surveillance.29 It is probable that long-term tumor control is a combination of direct PDT effects on the lesion and its vasculature in combination with up regulation of the immune system. When PDT induces necrosis of tumors and their vasculature, an immune cascade is also initiated.30 Release of inflammatory mediators occurs from the treated region, which include various cytokines, growth factors and proteins. This release stimulates various white blood cells to be activated including neutrophils and macrophages which converge on the treatment region. It is felt that significant tumor cell death occurs from these activated immune cells.31,32 Upon arrival, macrophages phagocytize PDT damaged cancer cells and present proteins from these tumors to CD4 helper T lymphocytes, which then activate CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Not only does this immune reaction occur at the PDT site, it also may occur at regional and distant lymphatic tissue. These cytotoxic T cells may not only cause necrosis but may also induce apoptotic pathways whenever tumor cells are found, even after PDT is complete.

Clinically, patients treated with PDT show elevated levels of various cytokines and histologic evaluations of treated tumors routinely show immune cell infiltration, again pointing to the immunomodulatory effect of PDT. Much work needs to be done to better define and manipulate the immune system response of PDT in particular and cancer in general.

CLINICAL APPLICATION OF MECHANISMS

In the clinical situation, application of PDT is translated into a two step procedure. In the first, presensitisation, a PS is administered systemically, by intravenous injection, or topically. In the second, illumination, the presensitised tissue is exposed to a specific light whose wavelength matches the absorption band of the chemical/drug. The ensuing PDR is presented as necrotic destruction of the tissue under treatment.

Clinicians have far more opportunity to improve PDT than simply pointing the light at the target. As described, PDT is an interplay of drug and light both of which can be manipulated to maximize outcome in various clinical situations. Again, for simplicity, we will describe modifications and outcomes for drug dose, light dose and PDR separately.

Drug dose

PS accumulates in the malignant region and is cleared from normal tissue. One strong means of maximising PDT in tumor and sparing normal tissue is to use as little PS as possible to achieve tumor response.33 When using a clinically determined minimal concentration of PS, the tumor will still concentrate enough PS for an affective PDR, while normal tissue, which has less PS, will not be damaged. The standardised dose of PS may not always be the optimal dose.

Light

Light localization is critical for optimal and accurate PDT; however, localisation of the tumor bed may not always be obvious. By employing fluorescence of the PS, the clinician can often visualize tumor.34 This helps define a more precise therapy. Furthermore, loss of fluorescence post-PDT therapy may indicate tumor ablation far better than a preprogrammed time of illumination. The use of fluorescence both for detection of disease and treatment outcome is underutilized. Intense illumination has been the basis of clinical PDT; this was historically due to difficulties in getting the light source to the lesion. The advantage of high fluence is that more light photons penetrate deeply allowing a more complete illumination at depth. When using low PS drug dose, high light fluence allows for excellent response rates without undue morbidity. In contrast, high drug dose with high light fluence rates create normal tissue damage as significant PDR can occur in normal tissue that has been flooded by PS. High light doses also push toward necrotic pathways which may have implications for immune response. Low light fluences allow for apoptosis and less inflammation and immune response. This may have clinical ramifications. For example, intense therapy in a tight space, such as the airway or esophagus may lead to abundant normal tissue reaction and obstruction due to necrosis and inflammation. Lower light doses might prevent this.

Drug light intervals (DLI)

When PS is first introduced it is travelling in the vascular supply. With time, PS accumulates in tumor and is less likely to be in the blood. So the DLI can be a critical component of controlling PDT.35 By illuminating early after PS introduction, vascular effects would predominate; later illumination would favor tumor cell effect. Potentially prolonged DLI could give a more select tumor destroying effect.36 In contrast, rapid DLI would favor vascular collapse. In a highly vascular tumor, this may be preferential.37

PDR

By altering drug dose, light dose and DLI,38,39 clinicians may provide for necrotic pathway PDT, apoptotic pathway PDT, selectively vascular destructive PDT, selectively tumor destructive PDT and even immunomodulatory PDT. Through rationally designed clinical trials that further explore these varied treatment paradigms, PDT will be able to advance dramatically as an oncologic intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

PDR results from the interaction between a chemical PS and a specific wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen. The interaction releases cytotoxic species, notably singlet oxygen. The overall mechanism involves molecular, subcellular and vascular changes which bring about necrosis and/or apoptosis of the tumor. The parameters of the individual components of PDT, such as the PS, light and the interval between presensitization and illumination, can be modulated to achieve cellular (direct) or vascular response predominance. We are still far from achieving optimal objectives. For now, even with our current understanding of the mechanism of PDT, the clinician has a double edge therapeutic sword to target and inflict injuries to the tumor. On the one hand, the operator can localize the lesion visually or by imaging to direct the light to it. On the other hand, by the very fact that the PS is accumulated in the tumor tissue and that it attracts its own specific wavelength of light, the tumor will be specifically targeted, provided that the light reaches the presensitized tissue. This is akin to the situation where the indentation of a key matches that of the lock allowing its unlocking.

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

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Table 1

Photosensitizers in Pulmonary Photodynamic Therapy

ALA, aminolevulinic acid; MACE, mono-L-aspartyl chlorine e6.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine.2024; 176(4): 491. CrossRef
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Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science.2024; 56(1): 52. CrossRef
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Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry.2024; 50(2): 522. CrossRef
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Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences.2024; 23(6): 1067. CrossRef
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ACS Applied Bio Materials.2024; 7(6): 3758. CrossRef
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Pharmaceutics.2024; 16(6): 696. CrossRef
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Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine.2024; 177(2): 271. CrossRef
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Advanced Healthcare Materials.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(15): 8258. CrossRef
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(16): 8772. CrossRef
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Applied Organometallic Chemistry.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
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South Russian Journal of Cancer.2023; 4(2): 39. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy of lung cancer with photosensitizers based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin (experimental study)
Evgeniya A. Kogan, Gennady A. Meerovich, Saida Sh. Karshieva, Elena A. Makarova, Igor D. Romanishkin, Ekaterina V. Akhlyustina, Irina G. Meerovich, Nikolai V. Zharkov, Elizaveta V. Koudan, Tatiana A. Demura, Victor B. Loschenov
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Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2023; 43: 103645. CrossRef
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Chinese Journal of Lasers.2023; 50(9): 0907202. CrossRef
Efficacy of Green Synthesized Nanoparticles in Photodynamic Therapy: A Therapeutic Approach
Mehak Zahra, Alexander Chota, Heidi Abrahamse, Blassan P. George
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2023; 24(13): 10931. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cell synchronization: review
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Frontiers in Oncology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
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Advanced Light Source Technologies for Photodynamic Therapy of Skin Cancer Lesions
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Pharmaceutics.2023; 15(8): 2075. CrossRef
The Contribution of Oxidative Stress to NF1-Altered Tumors
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Antioxidants.2023; 12(8): 1557. CrossRef
Photodynamic Therapy Effects on Oral Dysplastic Keratinocyte Cell Cultures: A Systematic Review
Dario Di Stasio, Antonio Romano, Fausto Fiori, Remo Antonio Assanti, Eleonora Ruocco, Maria Grazia Bottone, Alberta Lucchese
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Prasanth Thankappan, Dharmarajan Gopalakrishnan, Sumita Manandhar
Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology.2023; 27(5): 508. CrossRef
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Avishek Jana, Subhadarsini Sahoo, Subhadeep Paul, Somarupa Sahoo, Chelliah Jayabaskaran, Akhil R. Chakravarty
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Recent advancement of nanomedicine-based targeted delivery for cervical cancer treatment
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Activating MoO3 nanobelts via aqueous intercalation as a near‐infrared type I photosensitizer for photodynamic periodontitis treatment
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of bi-modal BODIPY-conjugated Hoechst applicable for Auger-electron and photodynamic cancer therapy
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Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters.2023; 96: 129534. CrossRef
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Frozen (capsulitis) of shoulder Treated by LED Red light: A case report
Keyvan Moghissi, Kate Dixon, Andrew Edwards
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2023; 44: 103764. CrossRef
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Arseniy Potapov, Lev Matveev, Alexander Moiseev, Elena Sedova, Maria Loginova, Maria Karabut, Irina Kuznetsova, Viktoriya Levchenko, Elena Grebenkina, Sergey Gamayunov, Stefka Radenska-Lopovok, Marina Sirotkina, Natalia Gladkova
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Exploring Thioxanthone Derivatives as Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy at the Near-IR Region
Pandiyan Sivasakthi, Pralok K. Samanta
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A.2023; 127(42): 8900. CrossRef
PDT-Induced Activation Enhanced by Hormone Response to Treatment
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Chromophore-Targeting Precision Antimicrobial Phototherapy
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Cells.2023; 12(22): 2664. CrossRef
Peroxide-Simulating and GSH-Depleting Nanozyme for Enhanced Chemodynamic/Photodynamic Therapy via Induction of Multisource ROS
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Harun NALÇAKAN, Gülbin KURTAY, Dilara Tuğçe ÖZDİL, Züleyha YILMAZ
Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi.2023; 48(1): 6. CrossRef
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The Journal of Chemical Physics.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Immunomodulatory Effect of Hypericin-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Oral Cancer Cells
Marcin Olek, Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek, Zenon P. Czuba, Grzegorz Cieślar, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
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Photodynamic treatment modulates various GTPase and cellular signalling pathways in Tauopathy
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Small GTPases.2022; 13(1): 183. CrossRef
Riboflavin mediated photo-illumination for bonding zirconia to tooth structure
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Some Natural Photosensitizers and Their Medicinal Properties for Use in Photodynamic Therapy
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Photodynamic Therapeutic Effect of Nanostructured Metal Sulfide Photosensitizers on Cancer Treatment
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Túlio Morandin Ferrisse, Luana Mendonça Dias, Analú Barros de Oliveira, Claudia Carolina Jordão, Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima, Ana Cláudia Pavarina
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Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of rosacea: A systematic review
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K.T. Efendiev, P.M. Alekseeva, A.A. Shiryaev, A.S. Skobeltsin, I.L. Solonina, A.S. Fatyanova, I.V. Reshetov, V.B. Loschenov
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Edge-rich atomic-layered BiOBr quantum dots for photocatalytic molecular oxygen activation
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Chemical Engineering Journal.2022; 445: 136776. CrossRef
Advances in diagnostics and treatment of cutaneous lymphoid hyperplasia
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Applications of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles in Theranostics
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Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology.2022; 194(9): 4187. CrossRef
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Andressa Mayumi Namba, Evelyn Luzia de Souza Santos, Maíra Terra Garcia, Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro, Lívia Mara Alves Figueiredo-Godoi, Rodnei Dennis Rossoni, Juliana Campos Junqueira
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Excited State and Reactive Oxygen Species against Cancer and Pathogens: A Review on Sonodynamic and Sono‐Photodynamic Therapy
Marcin Wysocki, Beata Czarczynska‐Goslinska, Daniel Ziental, Maciej Michalak, Emre Güzel, Lukasz Sobotta
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The Enhancement of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy of Escherichia Coli by a Functionalized Combination of Photosensitizers: In Vitro Examination of Single Cells by Quantitative Phase Imaging
Aleksandra Pietrowska, Iwona Hołowacz, Agnieszka Ulatowska-Jarża, Mateusz Guźniczak, Anna K. Matczuk, Alina Wieliczko, Mirela Wolf-Baca, Igor Buzalewicz
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(11): 6137. CrossRef
Photodynamic Therapy in Combination with the Hepatitis B Core Virus-like Particles (HBc VLPs) to Prime Anticancer Immunity for Colorectal Cancer Treatment
Yang Hao, Zili Gu, Zhenfeng Yu, Timo Schomann, Sana Sayedipour, Julio C. Aguilar, Peter ten Dijke, Luis J. Cruz
Cancers.2022; 14(11): 2724. CrossRef
On the mechanisms of photodynamic action of photosensitizers based on polycationic derivatives of synthetic bacteriochlorin against human lung cancer cells A549 (in vitro study)
Evgeniya A. Kogan, Gennady A. Meerovich, Saida Sh. Karshieva, Elena A. Makarova, Igor D. Romanishkin, Ekaterina V. Akhlyustina, Irina G. Meerovich, Nikolai V. Zharkov, Tatiana A. Demura, Zhi-Long Chen, Elizaveta V. Koudan, Ivan P. Angelov, Victor B. Losch
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Reactive oxygen nano-generators for cancer therapy
Dnyaneshwar Kalyane, Devendra Choudhary, Suryanarayana Polaka, Hanmant Goykar, Tukaram Karanwad, Kuldeep Rajpoot, Rakesh Kumar Tekade
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MXenes in photomedicine: advances and prospects
Siavash Iravani, Rajender S. Varma
Chemical Communications.2022; 58(53): 7336. CrossRef
The combinational application of photodynamic therapy and nanotechnology in skin cancer treatment: A review
Fadya Adnane, Emad El-Zayat, Heba Mohamed Fahmy
Tissue and Cell.2022; 77: 101856. CrossRef
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Nuno M.M. Moura, Kelly A.D.F. Castro, Juliana C. Biazzotto, Juliana A. Prandini, Carlos Lodeiro, Maria A.F. Faustino, Mário M.Q. Simões, Roberto S. da Silva, Maria G.P.M.S. Neves
Dyes and Pigments.2022; 205: 110501. CrossRef
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Sheerja Bali, Eman Deif, Asha Rajeev
Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases.2022; 4: 171. CrossRef
GaIIItriarylcorroles with push–pull substitutions: synthesis, electronic structure and biomedical applications
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Dalton Transactions.2022; 51(27): 10543. CrossRef
Spatial and Temporal Resolution of the Oxygen-Independent Photoinduced DNA Interstrand Cross-Linking by a Nitroimidazole Derivative
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Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling.2022; 62(13): 3239. CrossRef
Application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in photothermal and photodynamic therapy of cancer: An updated and comprehensive review
Saman Sargazi, Simge ER, Sultan Sacide Gelen, Abbas Rahdar, Muhammad Bilal, Rabia Arshad, Narges Ajalli, Muhammad Farhan Ali Khan, Sadanand Pandey
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Luminescence of singlet oxygen generated by fullerene C₆₀ - aminopropylsilica nanocomposites

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Yasunori Yamashita, Megumi Mae, Masayuki Oohira, Yukio Ozaki, Seigo Ohba, Izumi Asahina, Atsutoshi Yoshimura
Pharmaceuticals.2022; 15(8): 924. CrossRef
Carbon dots with intrinsic theranostic properties for photodynamic therapy of oral squamous cell carcinoma
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NIR‐triggered Tandem Photothermal and Photochemical Cancer Therapy Based on Nanoscale MOFs under Hypoxic Conditions
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ChemNanoMat.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on the microRNA Level in Breast Cancer Tissues of Female Wistar Rats
O. V. Kazakov, A. V. Kabakov, A. F. Poveshchenko, V. V. Kononchuk, D. N. Strunkin, L. F. Gulyaeva, V. I. Konenkov
Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine.2022; 173(4): 444. CrossRef
Melanoma-targeted photodynamic therapy based on hypericin-loaded multifunctional P123-spermine/folate micelles
Ana Carolina Vieira de Oliveira, Flávia Amanda Pedroso de Morais, Katieli da Silva Souza Campanholi, Danielle Lazarin Bidóia, Rodolfo Bento Balbinot, Celso Vataru Nakamura, Wilker Caetano, Noboru Hioka, Odair dos Santos Monteiro, Cláudia Quintino da Rocha
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2022; 40: 103103. CrossRef
Specific Antibodies to the Fragments of Meningococcal IgA1 Protease during the Formation of Immunity to Bacterial Infections
O. V. Kotel’nikova, Yu. A. Prokopenko, A. A. Zinchenko, O. A. Razgulyaeva, E. A. Nokel’, D. M. Karlinsky, L. S. Zhigis, L. D. Rumsh
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An insight into photodynamic therapy towards treating major dermatological conditions
Anuradha Dey, Gautam Singhvi, Anu Puri, Prashant Kesharwani, Sunil Kumar Dubey
Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology.2022; 76: 103751. CrossRef
Efficacy of Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Mediated by Photosensitizers Conjugated with Inorganic Nanoparticles: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Túlio Morandin Ferrisse, Luana Mendonça Dias, Analú Barros de Oliveira, Cláudia Carolina Jordão, Ewerton Garcia de Oliveira Mima, Ana Claudia Pavarina
Pharmaceutics.2022; 14(10): 2050. CrossRef
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O. A. Kulikov, V. P. Ageev, V. I. Shlyapkina, A. V. Zaborowskii, L. A. Tararina, D. V. Yunina, D. N. Andreev, K. R. Zainutdinova, N. A. Pyataev
Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal.2022; 56(7): 979. CrossRef
Characterization of resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells developed by repeated cycles of photodynamic therapy
Eric Chekwube Aniogo, Blassan P. George, Heidi Abrahamse
Frontiers in Pharmacology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Europium-Containing Conjugate for Photodynamic Therapy of Malignant Neoplasms
O. V. Shevchenko, N. G. Plekhova, M. A. Medkov, K. A. Parichuk, V. I. Apanasevich, I. G. Tananaev, A. A. Yudakov, P. A. Lukyanov
Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry.2022; 67(9): 1361. CrossRef
Oxygen-supplied electrotherapy for enhanced photodynamic synergistic therapy overcomes hypoxia tumor microenvironment
Chaozhou Li, Hui Tan, Ruitao Lu, Sainan Qin, Xiangying Meng, Han Zhang, Zhongjian Xie
Nanophotonics.2022; 11(22): 5077. CrossRef
The Therapeutic Efficacy of Punica granatum and Its Bioactive Constituents with Special Reference to Photodynamic Therapy
Nosipho Thembekile Fakudze, Eric Chekwube Aniogo, Blassan P. George, Heidi Abrahamse
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Qin Xue, Jingliang Zhang, Jianhua Jiao, Weijun Qin, Xiaojian Yang
Frontiers in Oncology.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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David Aebisher, Michał Osuchowski, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, Magdalena Krupka-Olek, Klaudia Dynarowicz, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2022; 23(19): 11354. CrossRef
Possible Mechanisms of Resistance Development to Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) In Vulvar Cancer Cells
Beata Joanna Mossakowska, Anna Fabisiewicz, Barbara Tudek, Janusz Aleksander Siedlecki
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Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry.2021; 405: 112964. CrossRef
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Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2021; 33: 102145. CrossRef
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Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.2021; 539: 1. CrossRef
Influence of two photodynamic therapy sessions and different photosensitizers on the bond strength of glass-fiber posts in different regions of intraradicular dentin
Henrico Badaoui Strazzi-Sahyon, Paloma Pereira da Silva, Jaqueline Midori Nakao, Patrícia Zambon da Silva, Larissa Pereira Nunes, Marcelo Augusto Seron, Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra, Paulo Henrique dos Santos, Gustavo Sivieri-Araujo
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Push–pull effect to improve the electronic and optical properties of [7] circulene
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Photodynamic Eradication of Trichophyton rubrum and Candida albicans
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DNA nanolantern as biocompatible drug carrier for simple preparation of a porphyrin/G-quadruplex nanocomposite photosensitizer with high photodynamic efficacy
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Photodynamic therapy with a new bacteriochlorin derivative: Characterization and in vitro studies
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Considerations and Technical Pitfalls in the Employment of the MTT Assay to Evaluate Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy
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Dyes and Pigments.2020; 173: 107923. CrossRef
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Photochemistry and Photobiology.2020; 96(2): 340. CrossRef
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Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 30: 101673. CrossRef
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Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 30: 101644. CrossRef
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Photochemistry and Photobiology.2020; 96(2): 232. CrossRef
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Dyes and Pigments.2020; 179: 108392. CrossRef
Hypericin Delivery System Based on P84 Copolymeric Micelles Linked with N-(3-Aminopropyl)-2-pyrrolidone for Melanoma-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy
R. S. Gonçalves, G. Braga, A. C. V. de Oliveira, G. B. César, T. T. Tominaga, E. H. Zampiere, I. R. Calori, F. A. P. de Morais, E. A. Basso, R. M. Pontes, N. Hioka, W. Caetano
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Infrared navigation system for light dosimetry during pleural photodynamic therapy
Michele M Kim, Timothy C Zhu, Yi Hong Ong, Jarod C Finlay, Andreea Dimofte, Sunil Singhal, Eli Glatstein, Keith A Cengel
Physics in Medicine & Biology.2020; 65(7): 075006. CrossRef
Tight junction modulation at the blood-brain barrier: Current and future perspectives
Yosuke Hashimoto, Matthew Campbell
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes.2020; 1862(9): 183298. CrossRef
Nanomedicines based on nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for cancer immunotherapy
Xiao-fang Zhong, Xun Sun
Acta Pharmacologica Sinica.2020; 41(7): 928. CrossRef
Photodynamic treatment induced membrane cell damage in Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff
Fernanda Vázquez-Ortega, Ines Sifaoui, María Reyes-Batlle, José E. Piñero, Irene Lagunes, Ángel Trigos, Jacob Lorenzo-Morales, Ana R. Díaz-Marrero, José J. Fernández
Dyes and Pigments.2020; 180: 108481. CrossRef
Bacteriochlorins and their metal complexes as NIR-absorbing photosensitizers: properties, mechanisms, and applications
Barbara Pucelik, Adam Sułek, Janusz M. Dąbrowski
Coordination Chemistry Reviews.2020; 416: 213340. CrossRef
Contemporary approaches and future perspectives of antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A systematic review
Priyanga Dharmaratne, Dulmini Nanayakkara Sapugahawatte, Baiyan Wang, Chung Lap Chan, Kit-Man Lau, Clara BS Lau, Kwok Pui Fung, Dennis KP. Ng, Margaret IP
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry.2020; 200: 112341. CrossRef
In-vitro investigation of cold atmospheric plasma induced photodynamic effect by Indocyanine green and Protoporphyrin IX
Atefeh Vejdani Noghreiyan, Armin Imanparast, Elham Shayesteh Ara, Samaneh Soudmand, Vajiheh Vejdani Noghreiyan, Ameneh Sazgarnia
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 31: 101822. CrossRef
Investigation into the influence of an acrylic acid acceptor in organic D-π-A sensitizers against phototoxicity
Shinichiro Fuse, Wataru Moriya, Shinichi Sato, Hiroyuki Nakamura
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry.2020; 28(13): 115558. CrossRef
Single-atom replacement as a general approach towards visible-light/near-infrared heavy-atom-free photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy
Juan Tang, Lushun Wang, Axel Loredo, Carson Cole, Han Xiao
Chemical Science.2020; 11(26): 6701. CrossRef
Familiarity and implementation of academicians of dental schools regarding the application of photodynamic therapy in dentistry: A need to incorporate in the dental curriculum
Mai Soliman, Elzahraa Eldwakhly, Alhanoof Aldegheishem, Ahmed Binobaid, Selma Saadaldin
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 31: 101897. CrossRef
Blood Flow Measurements Enable Optimization of Light Delivery for Personalized Photodynamic Therapy
Yi Hong Ong, Joann Miller, Min Yuan, Malavika Chandra, Mirna El Khatib, Sergei A. Vinogradov, Mary E. Putt, Timothy C. Zhu, Keith A. Cengel, Arjun G. Yodh, Theresa M. Busch
Cancers.2020; 12(6): 1584. CrossRef
Quinoline- and Benzoselenazole-Derived Unsymmetrical Squaraine Cyanine Dyes: Design, Synthesis, Photophysicochemical Features and Light-Triggerable Antiproliferative Effects against Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Eurico Lima, Renato E. Boto, Diana Ferreira, José R. Fernandes, Paulo Almeida, Luis F. V. Ferreira, Eliana B. Souto, Amélia M. Silva, Lucinda V. Reis
Materials.2020; 13(11): 2646. CrossRef
In Search of a Phosphorus Dendrimer-Based Carrier of Rose Bengal: Tyramine Linker Limits Fluorescent and Phototoxic Properties of a Photosensitizer
Krzysztof Sztandera, Monika Marcinkowska, Michał Gorzkiewicz, Anna Janaszewska, Regis Laurent, Maria Zabłocka, Serge Mignani, Jean Pierre Majoral, Barbara Klajnert-Maculewicz
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(12): 4456. CrossRef
Nanotechnology in Modern Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review of Cellular Resistance Patterns Affecting the Therapeutic Response
Elvin Peter Chizenga, Heidi Abrahamse
Pharmaceutics.2020; 12(7): 632. CrossRef
Pheophorbide a-mediated sonodynamic, photodynamic and sonophotodynamic therapies against prostate cancer
Mehran Aksel, Ozlem Bozkurt-Girit, Mehmet Dincer Bilgin
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 31: 101909. CrossRef
In vivo assessment of vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy effects on tumor microvasculature using ultrahigh-resolution functional optical coherence tomography
Defu Chen, Wu Yuan, Hyeon-Cheol Park, Xingde Li
Biomedical Optics Express.2020; 11(8): 4316. CrossRef
Indocyanine Green Nanoparticles: Are They Compelling for Cancer Treatment?
Marta Sevieri, Filippo Silva, Arianna Bonizzi, Leopoldo Sitia, Marta Truffi, Serena Mazzucchelli, Fabio Corsi
Frontiers in Chemistry.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Conjugates of 3,4-dimethoxy-4-styrylnaphthalimide and bacteriochlorin for theranostics in photodynamic therapy
M. A. Zakharko, P. A. Panchenko, D. P. Zarezin, V. G. Nenajdenko, D. A. Pritmov, M. A. Grin, A. F. Mironov, O. A. Fedorova
Russian Chemical Bulletin.2020; 69(6): 1169. CrossRef
Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Radachlorin and a 660 nm diode laser on Pseudomonas aeruginosa: An in vitro study
Ji-won Kim, Hyun-Soo Lim
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 31: 101931. CrossRef
Amphiphilic tumor-targeting chimeric peptide-based drug self-delivery nanomicelles for overcoming drug resistance in cancer by synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy
Pei-Ling Chen, Shi-Li Peng, Li-Ting Wu, Ming-Ming Fan, Ping Wang, Li-Han Liu
Journal of Materials Science.2020; 55(31): 15288. CrossRef
Prospects on Nano-Based Platforms for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy Against Oral Biofilms
Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Isadora M. Garcia, Maria Salem Ibrahim, Juliana P.M.L. Rolim, Edison A.B. Gomes, Frederico C. Martinho, Fabricio M. Collares, Hockin Xu, Mary Anne S. Melo
Photobiomodulation, Photomedicine, and Laser Surgery.2020; 38(8): 481. CrossRef
Recent advance in near-infrared/ultrasound-sensitive 2D-nanomaterials for cancer therapeutics
Wei Yang, Qinghua Lyu, Jun Zhao, Liqi Cao, Yi Hao, Han Zhang
Science China Materials.2020; 63(12): 2397. CrossRef
Sequential Treatment of Superficial Basal Cell Carcinomas With Topical Methyl Aminolevulinate Photodynamic Therapy and Imiquimod 5% Cream: A Retrospective Study of Clinical and Cosmetic Outcomes
Ian T. Logan, Elizabeth L. Kulakov, Conal M. Perrett
Dermatologic Surgery.2020; 46(10): 1272. CrossRef
Aktinische Keratosen
Julia Fromme, Cornelia Mauch
CME.2020; 17(10): 9. CrossRef
Immunoactive photosensitizers had photodynamic immunostimulatory and immunomodulatory effects on mammalian macrophages
Furkan Ayaz, Burcu Demirbag, Kasim Ocakoglu
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 32: 102034. CrossRef
Light Energy Dose and Photosensitizer Concentration Are Determinants of Effective Photo-Killing against Caries-Related Biofilms
Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad, Mohammed S. AlQranei, Maria S. Ibrahim, Michael D. Weir, Frederico C. Martinho, Hockin H. K. Xu, Mary Anne S. Melo
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2020; 21(20): 7612. CrossRef
Nanoconjugates of graphene oxide derivatives and meso-tetraphenylporphyrin: a new avenue for anticancer photodynamic therapies – Cell-on-a-Chip analysis
A. Zuchowska, A. Kasprzak, B. Dabrowski, K. Kaminska, M. Poplawska, Z. Brzozka
New Journal of Chemistry.2020; 44(43): 18770. CrossRef
Production, characterization and application of nanocarriers made of polysaccharides, proteins, bio-polyesters and other biopolymers: A review
Antony V. Samrot, Tan Chuan Sean, Teeshalini Kudaiyappan, Ummu Bisyarah, Anita Mirarmandi, Etel Faradjeva, Amira Abubakar, Hawwa Hashma Ali, J. Lavanya Agnes Angalene, S. Suresh Kumar
International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.2020; 165: 3088. CrossRef
Influence of root debridement with adjunct photodynamic therapy on periodontal parameters and gingival crevicular fluid cortisol levels among patients with and without type-2 diabetes mellitus
Abeer S. Al-Zawawi, Ishfaq A. Bukhari, Fernanda O. Bello-Correa, Saeed A. Sheikh, Refal Albaijan, Fahim Vohra
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2020; 32: 102076. CrossRef
Controllable Assembly of Upconversion Nanoparticles Enhanced Tumor Cell Penetration and Killing Efficiency
Zhen Zhang, Juwita Norasmara Rahmat, Ratha Mahendran, Yong Zhang
Advanced Science.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy of colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo
Nokuphila Winifred Nompumelelo Simelane, Cherie Ann Kruger, Heidi Abrahamse
RSC Advances.2020; 10(68): 41560. CrossRef
New approaches to diagnostics and treatment of cholangiocellular cancer based on photonics methods
Dmitry V. Yakovlev, Dina S. Farrakhova, Artem A. Shiryaev, Kanamat T. Efendiev, Maxim V. Loschenov, Liana M. Amirkhanova, Dmitry O. Kornev, Vladimir V. Levkin, Igor V. Reshetov, Victor B. Loschenov
Frontiers of Optoelectronics.2020; 13(4): 352. CrossRef
Elucidation of intracellular uptake and degradation mechanism of photosensitizer talaporfin
Takuma Saito, Tomohide Tsukahara, Terufumi Kubo, Takayuki Kanaseki, Yoshihiko Hirohashi, Toshihiko Torigoe, Liming Li
Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals.2020; 707(1): 81. CrossRef
Advancement in Nanotheranostics for Effective Skin Cancer Therapy: State of the Art
Md. Habban Akhter, Mohamed Jawed Ahsan, Mahfoozur Rahman, Siraj Anwar, Md. Rizwanullah
Current Nanomedicine.2020; 10(2): 90. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of patients with vulvar premalignant diseases. First experience of its use in Ukraine
В. В. Дунаевская, Т. Ф. Татарчук, Н. Ф. Захаренко, Д. А. Церковский, В. С. Сольский
REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY.2020; (54): 22. CrossRef
Evaluation of temperature changes in a cell culture plate well with absorbing walls containing a 3D model of tumour spheroid under irradiation in the optical range
N.V. Sapogova, D.V. Yuzhakova, A.A. Smirnov, M.V. Shirmanova, M.M. Lukina, A.I. Gavrina, A.V. Izosimova, E.V. Zagaynova, V.A. Kamensky
Quantum Electronics.2020; 50(11): 1050. CrossRef
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Coordination Chemistry Reviews.2019; 379: 82. CrossRef
Vitamin-E/lipid based PEGylated polymeric micellar doxorubicin to sensitize doxorubicin-resistant cells towards treatment
Omkara Swami Muddineti, Sri Vishnu Kiran Rompicharla, Preeti Kumari, Himanshu Bhatt, Balaram Ghosh, Swati Biswas
Reactive and Functional Polymers.2019; 134: 49. CrossRef
Elucidating the mode of action for thiophene-based organic D-π-A sensitizers for use in photodynamic therapy
Shinichiro Fuse, Miori Takizawa, Shinichi Sato, Shigetoshi Okazaki, Hiroyuki Nakamura
Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry.2019; 27(2): 315. CrossRef
Effect of the Photodynamic Therapy Applications with Potent Microalgae Constituents on Several Types of Tumor
A. Jabeen, B. Reeder, D. Svistunenko, S. Hisaindee, S. Ashraf, S. Al-Zuhair, S. Battah
IRBM.2019; 40(1): 51. CrossRef
Synthesis and evolution of S-Porphin sodium as a potential antitumor agent for photodynamic therapy against breast cancer
Xiao Wang, Li Li, Kun Zhang, Zhen Han, Zhijian Ding, Mingwei Lv, Pan Wang, Quanhong Liu, Xiaobing Wang
Organic Chemistry Frontiers.2019; 6(3): 362. CrossRef
Targeted Nanobody-Based Molecular Tracers for Nuclear Imaging and Image-Guided Surgery
Pieterjan Debie, Nick Devoogdt, Sophie Hernot
Antibodies.2019; 8(1): 12. CrossRef
Porphyrinoids in photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of oral diseases
Arleta Glowacka-Sobotta, Maciej Wrotynski, Michal Kryjewski, Lukasz Sobotta, Jadwiga Mielcarek
Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines.2019; 23(01n02): 1. CrossRef
Photodynamic Activity of Vitamin-Chlorin Conjugates at Nanomolar Concentrations against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Meden F. Isaac-Lam, Alexandra D. Mee
ACS Omega.2019; 4(2): 2907. CrossRef
Effectiveness of ZnPc and of an amine derivative to inactivate Glioblastoma cells by Photodynamic Therapy: an in vitro comparative study
Fabiola N. Velazquez, Mariana Miretti, Maria T. Baumgartner, Beatriz L. Caputto, Tomas C. Tempesti, César G. Prucca
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Promotes in Vitro Bone Regeneration and Suppresses Osteosarcoma Progression through Cancer-Related Inflammation Inhibition
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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces.2019; 11(9): 9333. CrossRef
Topical and intradermal delivery of PpIX precursors for photodynamic therapy with intense pulsed light on porcine skin model
Michelle Barreto Requena, José Dirceu Vollet Filho, Andrigo Barboza de Nardi, Andre Escobar, Rozana da Rocha Adams, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato, Priscila Fernanda Campos de Menezes
Lasers in Medical Science.2019; 34(9): 1781. CrossRef
Accurate early prediction of tumour response to PDT using optical coherence angiography
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Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT) using methylene blue inhibits the viability of the biofilm produced by Candida albicans
Leonardo de Carvalho Leonel, Moisés Lopes Carvalho, Bruna Marques da Silva, Stella Zamuner, Carlos Alberto-Silva, Maricilia Silva Costa
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2019; 26: 316. CrossRef
Effects of palmatine hydrochloride mediated photodynamic therapy on oral squamous cell carcinoma
Feng Qi, Yi Sun, Moyang Lv, Feng Qin, Wenwu Cao, Liangjia Bi
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences.2019; 18(6): 1596. CrossRef
mTOR Signaling Pathway in Cancer Targets Photodynamic Therapy In Vitro
Sandra M. Ayuk, Heidi Abrahamse
Cells.2019; 8(5): 431. CrossRef
Current state of the nanoscale delivery systems for temoporfin-based photodynamic therapy: Advanced delivery strategies
Ilya Yakavets, Marie Millard, Vladimir Zorin, Henri-Pierre Lassalle, Lina Bezdetnaya
Journal of Controlled Release.2019; 304: 268. CrossRef
Upconversion nano-particles from synthesis to cancer treatment: A review
Mahshid Jafari, Alireza Rezvanpour
Advanced Powder Technology.2019; 30(9): 1731. CrossRef
Comparison of the efficacy of indocyanine green-mediated photodynamic therapy and nystatin therapy in treatment of denture stomatitis
Bahar Afroozi, Kamiar Zomorodian, Fatemeh Lavaee, Zahra Zare Shahrabadi, Maryam Mardani
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2019; 27: 193. CrossRef
Effect of methylene blue photodynamic therapy on human neutrophil functional responses
Elisa Trevisan, Renzo Menegazzi, Giuliano Zabucchi, Barbara Troian, Stefano Prato, Francesca Vita, Valentina Rapozzi, Micaela Grandolfo, Violetta Borelli
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology.2019; 199: 111605. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral squamous carcinoma—Clinical implications resulting from in vitro research
Marcin Olek, Jacek Kasperski, Dariusz Skaba, Rafał Wiench, Grzegorz Cieślar, Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2019; 27: 255. CrossRef
Gelatin nanoparticles loaded methylene blue as a candidate for photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy applications in Candida albicans growth
Jéssica Aparecida Ribeiro Ambrosio, Bruna Cristina dos Santos Pinto, Daniele da Silva Godoy, Janicy Arantes Carvalho, Alexandro da Silva Abreu, Bruna Graziele Marques da Silva, Leonardo de Carvalho Leonel, Maricilia Silva Costa, Milton Beltrame Junior, An
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Nanoparticles-based photosensitizers with effect of aggregation-induced emission
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Biopolymers and Cell.2019; 35(4): 249. CrossRef
Application of Porphyrins in Antibacterial Photodynamic Therapy
Bamidele Amos-Tautua, Sandile Songca, Oluwatobi Oluwafemi
Molecules.2019; 24(13): 2456. CrossRef
In vitro and in vivo effects of HAL on porphyrin production in rat bladder cancer cells (AY27)
Odrun A. Gederaas, Harald Husebye, Anders Johnsson, Susan Callaghan, Anders Brunsvik
Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines.2019; 23(07n08): 813. CrossRef
Chitosan-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Optimization of Photodynamic Therapy: a Review
Giovana Maria Fioramonti Calixto, Sarah Raquel de Annunzio, Francesca Damiani Victorelli, Maria Lucia Frade, Paula Scanavez Ferreira, Marlus Chorilli, Carla Raquel Fontana
AAPS PharmSciTech.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Microorganisms Responsible for Dental Caries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Analú Barros de Oliveira, Túlio Morandin Ferrisse, Raquel Souza Marques, Sarah Raquel de Annunzio, Fernanda Lourenção Brighenti, Carla Raquel Fontana
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2019; 20(14): 3585. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy by lysosomal-targeted drug delivery using talaporfin sodium incorporated into inactivated virus particles
Sharmin Akter, Mizuho Inai, Sachiko Saito, Norihiro Honda, Hisanao Hazama, Tomoyuki Nishikawa, Yasufumi Kaneda, Kunio Awazu
LASER THERAPY.2019; 28(4): 245. CrossRef
Tailored porphyrin–gold nanoparticles for biomedical applications
Madalina E. Grigore, Rodica-M. Ion, Lorena Iancu, Ramona M. Grigorescu
Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines.2019; 23(07n08): 766. CrossRef
A Dual Killing Strategy: Photocatalytic Generation of Singlet Oxygen with Concomitant PtIV Prodrug Activation
Daniel J. Norman, Alessia Gambardella, Andrew R. Mount, Alan F. Murray, Mark Bradley
Angewandte Chemie.2019; 131(40): 14327. CrossRef
A Dual Killing Strategy: Photocatalytic Generation of Singlet Oxygen with Concomitant PtIV Prodrug Activation
Daniel J. Norman, Alessia Gambardella, Andrew R. Mount, Alan F. Murray, Mark Bradley
Angewandte Chemie International Edition.2019; 58(40): 14189. CrossRef
Synthesis, photophysical and photobiological characterization of BSA nanoparticles loaded with chloroaluminium phthalocyanine by one-step desolvation technique for photodynamic therapy action
Alexandro da Silva Abreu, Janicy Arantes Carvalho, Agnes Cecheto Trindade, Milton Beltrame Junior, Andreza Ribeiro Simioni
Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition.2019; 30(16): 1559. CrossRef
Photodynamic and peptide-based strategy to inhibit Gram-positive bacterial biofilm formation
Laura Marise de Freitas, Esteban Nicolás Lorenzón, Eduardo Maffud Cilli, Kleber Thiago de Oliveira, Carla Raquel Fontana, Thomas S. Mang
Biofouling.2019; 35(7): 742. CrossRef
Pro-Oxidant Drug-Loaded Au/ZnO Hybrid Nanoparticles for Cancer-Specific Chemo-Photodynamic Combination Therapy
Eun Ji Hong, Padmanaban Sivakumar, Vasanthan Ravichandran, Dae Gun Choi, Yoon-Seok Kim, Min Suk Shim
ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering.2019; 5(10): 5209. CrossRef
Immunomodulatory activities of zinc(II)phthalocyanine on the mammalian macrophages through p38 pathway: Potential ex vivo immunomodulatory PDT reagents
Abdulcelil Yüzer, Furkan Ayaz, Mine Ince
Bioorganic Chemistry.2019; 92: 103249. CrossRef
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Optical Materials Express.2019; 9(10): 3925. CrossRef
Visible light-induced apoptosis activatable nanoparticles of photosensitizer-DEVD-anticancer drug conjugate for targeted cancer therapy
Wooram Um, Jooho Park, Hokyung Ko, Seungho Lim, Hong Yeol Yoon, Man Kyu Shim, Sangmin Lee, Young Ji Ko, Min Ju Kim, Jae Hyung Park, Dong-Kwon Lim, Youngro Byun, Ick Chan Kwon, Kwangmeyung Kim
Biomaterials.2019; 224: 119494. CrossRef
Skin and subcutaneous fat morphology alterations under the LED or laser treatment in rats in vivo
Irina Y. Yanina, Nikita A. Navolokin, Alla B. Bucharskaya, Galina N. Мaslyakova, Valery V. Tuchin
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Photodynamic Therapy of Psoriasis Using Photosensitizers of Vegetable Origin
Marcos L. Bruschi, Jéssica Bassi da Silva, Hélen C. Rosseto
Current Pharmaceutical Design.2019; 25(20): 2279. CrossRef
Graphene oxide size and structure pro-oxidant and antioxidant activity and photoinduced cytotoxicity relation on three cancer cell lines
Zoran M. Marković, Svetlana P. Jovanović, Pavle Z. Mašković, Marija M. Mojsin, Milena J. Stevanović, Martin Danko, Matej Mičušík, Dragana J. Jovanović, Angela Kleinová, Zdeno Špitalský, Vladimir B. Pavlović, Biljana M. Todorović Marković
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology.2019; 200: 111647. CrossRef
Tuning Polyamidoamine Design To Increase Uptake and Efficacy of Ruthenium Complexes for Photodynamic Therapy
Luca Mascheroni, Maria Vittoria Dozzi, Elisabetta Ranucci, Paolo Ferruti, Valentina Francia, Anna Salvati, Daniela Maggioni
Inorganic Chemistry.2019; 58(21): 14586. CrossRef
Successful Treatment of Adult-Onset Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis with CO2 Laser and Photodynamic Therapy
Sheng Lu, Yang Liu, Runjie Shi, Pingyu Zhou
Case Reports in Otolaryngology.2019; 2019: 1. CrossRef
Non-distorted visible light-absorbing thiol-PEGylated gold-coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles–porphyrin conjugates and their inhibitory effects against nosocomial pathogens
Bamidele M. Amos-Tautua, Olayemi J. Fakayode, Sandy van Vuuren, Sandile P. Songca, Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi
MRS Communications.2019; 9(4): 1335. CrossRef
Application of photodynamic therapy drugs for management of glioma
Sunil K. Dubey, Sai K. Pradyuth, Ranendra N. Saha, Gautam Singhvi, Amit Alexander, Mukta Agrawal, Bruce A. Shapiro, Anu Puri
Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines.2019; 23(11n12): 1216. CrossRef
Screening of X-ray responsive substances for the next generation of radiosensitizers
Akihiro Moriyama, Takema Hasegawa, Lei Jiang, Hitoshi Iwahashi, Takashi Mori, Junko Takahashi
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Experience in applying new methodological approach to photodynamic therapy in cosmetology
N. V. Bochkova, L. S. Kholupova, D. O. Yurchenko
Medical alphabet.2019; 2(26): 25. CrossRef
Comparative analysis of single- and dual-wavelength photodynamic therapy regimes with chlorin-based photosensitizers: animal study
Daria Kurakina, Aleksandr Khilov, Maria Shakhova, Natalia Orlinskaya, Ekaterina Sergeeva, Alina Meller, Ilya Turchin, Mikhail Kirillin
Journal of Biomedical Optics.2019; 25(06): 1. CrossRef
Efficacy of ruthenium coordination complex–based Rutherrin in a preclinical rat glioblastoma model
Manjunatha Akathatti Munegowda, Carl Fisher, Daniel Molehuis, Warren Foltz, Mark Roufaiel, Jay Bassan, Mark Nitz, Arkady Mandel, Lothar Lilge
Neuro-Oncology Advances.2019;[Epub] CrossRef
Biofilm formation by Candida albicans is inhibited by photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT), using chlorin e6: increase in both ROS production and membrane permeability
Moisés Lopes Carvalho, Ana Paula Pinto, Leandro José Raniero, Maricilia Silva Costa
Lasers in Medical Science.2018; 33(3): 647. CrossRef
Inhibitory effect of aloe emodin mediated photodynamic therapy on human oral mucosa carcinoma in vitro and in vivo
Yun-qing Liu, Pei-song Meng, Hong-chao Zhang, Xu Liu, Meng-xi Wang, Wen-wu Cao, Zheng Hu, Zhi-guo Zhang
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2018; 97: 697. CrossRef
Effect of photodynamic and laser therapy in the treatment of peri-implant mucositis: A systematic review
Abdulaziz M. Albaker, Aws S. ArRejaie, Mohammed Alrabiah, Tariq Abduljabbar
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2018; 21: 147. CrossRef
Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (PACT), using Toluidine blue O inhibits the viability of biofilm produced by Candida albicans at different stages of development
Ana Paula Pinto, Isabela Bueno Rosseti, Moisés Lopes Carvalho, Bruna Graziele Marques da Silva, Carlos Alberto-Silva, Maricilia Silva Costa
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2018; 21: 182. CrossRef
Physicochemical properties of liposome-incorporated 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethoxy phthalocyanines and their photodynamic activity against oral cancer cells
Paulina Skupin-Mrugalska, Wojciech Szczolko, Piotr Gierlich, Krystyna Konopka, Tomasz Goslinski, Jadwiga Mielcarek, Nejat Düzgüneş
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry.2018; 353: 445. CrossRef
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Biophysical Reviews.2018; 10(1): 49. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy and diagnosis: Principles and comparative aspects
Jane Dobson, Genilson Fernandes de Queiroz, Jon P. Golding
The Veterinary Journal.2018; 233: 8. CrossRef
Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy (PACT) using toluidine blue inhibits both growth and biofilm formation by Candida krusei
Bruna Graziele Marques da Silva, Moisés Lopes Carvalho, Isabela Bueno Rosseti, Stella Zamuner, Maricilia Silva Costa
Lasers in Medical Science.2018; 33(5): 983. CrossRef
Trifluoromethyl Boron Dipyrromethene Derivatives as Potential Photosensitizers for Photodynamic Therapy
Jian-Yong Liu, Peng-Zhen Zhou, Jia-Lin Ma, Xiao Jia
Molecules.2018; 23(2): 458. CrossRef
A threshold dose distribution approach for the study of PDT resistance development
Clara Maria Gonçalves de Faria, Natalia Mayumi Inada, José Dirceu Vollet-Filho, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology.2018; 182: 85. CrossRef
Antimicrobial Photodynamic therapy enhanced by the peptide aurein 1.2
Laura Marise de Freitas, Esteban Nicolás Lorenzón, Norival Alves Santos-Filho, Lucas Henrique de Paula Zago, Marciana Pierina Uliana, Kleber Thiago de Oliveira, Eduardo Maffud Cilli, Carla Raquel Fontana
Scientific Reports.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Efficacy of photodynamic therapy or low level laser therapy against steroid therapy in the treatment of erosive-atrophic oral lichen planus
Sana Mirza, Navedur Rehman, Ali Alrahlah, Wa’ad Rafa Alamri, Fahim Vohra
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2018; 21: 404. CrossRef
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Ncediwe Tsolekile, Vuyelwa Ncapayi, Sundararajan Parani, El Hadji Mamour Sakho, Mangaka C. Matoetoe, Sandile P. Songca, Oluwatobi S. Oluwafemi
MRS Communications.2018; 8(2): 398. CrossRef
Suppression of T24 human bladder cancer cells by ROS from locally delivered hematoporphyrin-containing polyurethane films
Dohyun Kim, Mi Hee Lee, Min-Ah Koo, Byeong-Ju Kwon, Min Sung Kim, Gyeung Mi Seon, Seung Hee Hong, Jong-Chul Park
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences.2018; 17(6): 763. CrossRef
Effects of meta-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin photodynamic therapy on isogenic colorectal cancer SW480 and SW620 cells with different metastatic potentials
Gulinur Abdulrehman, Kaiyue Xv, Yuhua Li, Ling Kang
Lasers in Medical Science.2018; 33(7): 1581. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy with chlorin-based photosensitizer at 405 nm: numerical, morphological, and clinical study
Maria Shakhova, Daria Loginova, Alina Meller, Dmitry Sapunov, Natalia Orlinskaya, Andrey Shakhov, Alexander Khilov, Mikhail Kirillin
Journal of Biomedical Optics.2018; 23(09): 1. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy – mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations
Stanisław Kwiatkowski, Bartosz Knap, Dawid Przystupski, Jolanta Saczko, Ewa Kędzierska, Karolina Knap-Czop, Jolanta Kotlińska, Olga Michel, Krzysztof Kotowski, Julita Kulbacka
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2018; 106: 1098. CrossRef
131‐Oxophorbine protopheophorbide A from Ziziphus lotus as a novel mesenchymal‐epithelial transition factor receptor inhibitory lead for the control of breast tumor growth in vitro and in vivo
Soumaya Souid, Heba E. Elsayed, Hassan Y. Ebrahim, Mohamed M. Mohyeldin, Abu Bakar Siddique, Habib Karoui, Khalid A. El Sayed, Khadija Essafi‐Benkhadir
Molecular Carcinogenesis.2018; 57(11): 1507. CrossRef
Recent Progress in Metal-Based Nanoparticles Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
Jingyao Sun, Semen Kormakov, Ying Liu, Yao Huang, Daming Wu, Zhaogang Yang
Molecules.2018; 23(7): 1704. CrossRef
Photo-triggered antibacterial and anticancer activities of zinc oxide nanoparticles
Padmanaban Sivakumar, Minjong Lee, Yoon-Seok Kim, Min Suk Shim
Journal of Materials Chemistry B.2018; 6(30): 4852. CrossRef
Effect of photodynamic therapy on the mechanical properties and bond strength of glass-fiber posts to endodontically treated intraradicular dentin
Henrico Badaoui Strazzi Sahyon, Paloma Pereira da Silva, Murilo Silva de Oliveira, Luciano Tavares Angelo Cintra, João Eduardo Gomes-Filho, Paulo Henrique dos Santos, Gustavo Sivieri-Araujo
The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry.2018; 120(2): 317.e1. CrossRef
Optical properties of silver nanoplates and perspectives for biomedical applications
Sajid Farooq, Frederico Dias Nunes, Renato Evangelista de Araujo
Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications.2018; 31: 160. CrossRef
Photodynamic Therapy for Metastatic Melanoma Treatment: A Review
Channay Naidoo, Cherie Ann Kruger, Heidi Abrahamse
Technology in Cancer Research & Treatment.2018;[Epub] CrossRef
Arene Ruthenium Metalla-Assemblies with Anthracene Moieties for PDT Applications
Marie Gaschard, Farzaneh Nehzat, Thomas Cheminel, Bruno Therrien
Inorganics.2018; 6(3): 97. CrossRef
Apoptosis and autophagy induced by DVDMs-PDT on human esophageal cancer Eca-109 cells
Yin Shi, Boli Zhang, Xiaolan Feng, Fei Qu, Shuang Wang, Lijie Wu, Xiaobing Wang, Quanhong Liu, Pan Wang, Kun Zhang
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2018; 24: 198. CrossRef
Functional Polymer Nanocarriers for Photodynamic Therapy
Tuanwei Li, Lifeng Yan
Pharmaceuticals.2018; 11(4): 133. CrossRef
Effect of photodynamic therapy with (17R,18R)-2-(1-hexyloxyethyl)-2-devinyl chlorine E6 trisodium salt on pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo
Yu-Jie Shen, Jia Cao, Fang Sun, Xiao-Lei Cai, Ming-Ming Li, Nan-Nan Zheng, Chun-Ying Qu, Yi Zhang, Feng Shen, Min Zhou, Ying-Wei Chen, Lei-Ming Xu
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2018; 24(46): 5246. CrossRef
HSA—Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for MRI-Guided Photodynamic Cancer Therapy
Petr Ostroverkhov, Alevtina Semkina, Victor Naumenko, Ekaterina Plotnikova, Raisa Yakubovskaya, Stepan Vodopyanov, Artem Abakumov, Alexander Majouga, Michael Grin, Vladimir Chekhonin, Maxim Abakumov
Pharmaceutics.2018; 10(4): 284. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy monitoring with optical coherence angiography
M. A. Sirotkina, L. A. Matveev, M. V. Shirmanova, V. Y. Zaitsev, N. L. Buyanova, V. V. Elagin, G. V. Gelikonov, S. S. Kuznetsov, E. B. Kiseleva, A. A. Moiseev, S. V. Gamayunov, E. V. Zagaynova, F. I. Feldchtein, A. Vitkin, N. D. Gladkova
Scientific Reports.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Plant extracts as natural photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy: in vitro activity against human mammary adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells
Rigo Baluyot Villacorta, Kristine Faith Javier Roque, Giovanni Alarkon Tapang, Sonia Donaldo Jacinto
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine.2017; 7(4): 358. CrossRef
Effects of photodynamic therapy with talaporfin sodium on squamous cell carcinoma and sarcoma cells
Tomohiro Osaki, Yuki Kawase, Hiroshi Iseki, Shinji Kishimoto, Soko Ikuta, Yoshihiro Muragaki, Masamichi Yamashita, Kazuo Azuma, Yusuke Murahata, Takeshi Tsuka, Norihiko Itoh, Tomohiro Imagawa, Yoshiharu Okamoto
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2017; 18: 213. CrossRef
Methylene blue-containing liposomes as new photodynamic anti-bacterial agents
Giulia Boccalini, Luca Conti, Costanza Montis, Daniele Bani, Andrea Bencini, Debora Berti, Claudia Giorgi, Alessio Mengoni, Barbara Valtancoli
Journal of Materials Chemistry B.2017; 5(15): 2788. CrossRef
Functional manganese dioxide nanosheet for targeted photodynamic therapy and bioimaging in vitro and in vivo
Seongchan Kim, Seong Min Ahn, Ji-Seon Lee, Tae Shik Kim, Dal-Hee Min
2D Materials.2017; 4(2): 025069. CrossRef
Lipid based nanocarriers system for topical delivery of photosensitizers
Shadab Md, Shadabul Haque, Thiagarajan Madheswaran, Farrukh Zeeshan, Venkata Srikanth Meka, Ammu K. Radhakrishnan, Prashant Kesharwani
Drug Discovery Today.2017; 22(8): 1274. CrossRef
Fluorinated polymer–photosensitizer conjugates enable improved generation of ROS for anticancer photodynamic therapy
Jaqueline D. Wallat, Kristen S. Wek, Paul L. Chariou, Bradley L. Carpenter, Reza A. Ghiladi, Nicole F. Steinmetz, Jonathan K. Pokorski
Polymer Chemistry.2017; 8(20): 3195. CrossRef
Biotinylated Chlorin and Its Zinc and Indium Complexes: Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation for Photodynamic Therapy
Meden Isaac-Lam, Dewana Hammonds
Pharmaceuticals.2017; 10(2): 41. CrossRef
Transcriptional activation of HIF-1 by a ROS-ERK axis underlies the resistance to photodynamic therapy
María Julia Lamberti, María Florencia Pansa, Renzo Emanuel Vera, Martín Ernesto Fernández-Zapico, Natalia Belén Rumie Vittar, Viviana Alicia Rivarola, Jörn Karhausen
PLOS ONE.2017; 12(5): e0177801. CrossRef
Photodynamic therapy for malignant nasal tumors
A. L. Klochikhin, V. V. Byrikhina, V. V. Gorokhov
Rossiiskaya rinologiya.2017; 25(1): 46. CrossRef
Development of Ce-doped TiO2 activated by X-ray irradiation for alternative cancer treatment
Chun-Chen Yang, Yu-Jun Sun, Pei-Hsuan Chung, Wei-Yao Chen, Wojciech Swieszkowski, Weiming Tian, Feng-Huei Lin
Ceramics International.2017; 43(15): 12675. CrossRef
Water-soluble Manganese and Iron Mesotetrakis(carboxyl)porphyrin: DNA Binding, Oxidative Cleavage, and Cytotoxic Activities
Lei Shi, Yi-Yu Jiang, Tao Jiang, Wei Yin, Jian-Ping Yang, Man-Li Cao, Yu-Qi Fang, Hai-Yang Liu
Molecules.2017; 22(7): 1084. CrossRef
Thermosensitive micellar hydrogel for enhanced anticancer therapy through redox modulation mediated combinational effects
Zhiyu Guan, Lijun Yang, Weiwei Wang, Jun Zhang, Jinjian Liu, Chunhua Ren, Shuo Wang, Yang Gao, Pingsheng Huang
RSC Advances.2017; 7(55): 34755. CrossRef
Physiological considerations acting on triplet oxygen for explicit dosimetry in photodynamic therapy
Víctor Sánchez, María Paulina Romero, Sebastião Pratavieira, César Costa
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2017; 19: 298. CrossRef
Chlorambucil labelled with the phenosafranin scaffold as a new chemotherapeutic for imaging and cancer treatment
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Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces.2017; 159: 820. CrossRef
Folate-PEG Conjugates of a Far-Red Light-Activatable Paclitaxel Prodrug to Improve Selectivity toward Folate Receptor-Positive Cancer Cells
Pritam Thapa, Mengjie Li, Radha Karki, Moses Bio, Pallavi Rajaputra, Gregory Nkepang, Sukyung Woo, Youngjae You
ACS Omega.2017; 2(10): 6349. CrossRef
Antibacterial photodynamic therapy with curcumin and Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract against Streptococcus mutans
Hyung-Jung Lee, Si-Mook Kang, Seung-Hwa Jeong, Ki-Ho Chung, Baek-Il Kim
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2017; 20: 116. CrossRef
Recent Progress in Near Infrared Light Triggered Photodynamic Therapy
Kerong Deng, Chunxia Li, Shanshan Huang, Bengang Xing, Dayong Jin, Qingguang Zeng, Zhiyao Hou, Jun Lin
Small.2017;[Epub] CrossRef
Knowledge, behavior and attitudes of dental practitioners towards photodynamic therapy use in dental practice
Fahim Vohra, Ishfaq A Bukhari, Saeed A Sheikh, Refal Albaijan, Abdul Hakeem Qureshi, Zaeem Arif, Zohaib Akram
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2017; 20: 221. CrossRef
Inhibition of Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization by Hematoporphyrin Dimethylether-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy in Rats
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Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin.2017; 40(12): 2088. CrossRef
Fungicidal effect of combined nano TiO2 with erythrosine for mediated photodynamic therapy on Candida albicans: an in vitro study
Aroon Teerakapong, Teerasak Damrongrungruang, Sajee Sattayut, Noppawan Phumala Morales, Angkhana Sangpanya, Manuswee Tanapoomchai
Lasers in Dental Science.2017; 1(2-4): 101. CrossRef
Maltotriose Conjugation to a Chlorin Derivative Enhances the Antitumor Effects of Photodynamic Therapy in Peritoneal Dissemination of Pancreatic Cancer
Akihisa Kato, Hiromi Kataoka, Shigenobu Yano, Kazuki Hayashi, Noriyuki Hayashi, Mamoru Tanaka, Itaru Naitoh, Tesshin Ban, Katsuyuki Miyabe, Hiromu Kondo, Michihiro Yoshida, Yasuaki Fujita, Yasuki Hori, Makoto Natsume, Takashi Murakami, Atsushi Narumi, Aki
Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.2017; 16(6): 1124. CrossRef
Bleomycin enhances the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy using aluminum phthalocyanine disulfonate
Tomohiro Osaki, Inoru Yokoe, Yoshihiro Uto, Masahiro Ishizuka, Toru Tanaka, Nobuyasu Yamanaka, Tsukasa Kurahashi, Kazuo Azuma, Yusuke Murahata, Takeshi Tsuka, Norihiko Ito, Tomohiro Imagawa, Yoshiharu Okamoto
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry.2016; 28: 161. CrossRef
Sonodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid enhances the efficacy of bleomycin
Tomohiro Osaki, Misato Ono, Yoshihiro Uto, Masahiro Ishizuka, Tohru Tanaka, Nobuyasu Yamanaka, Tsukasa Kurahashi, Kazuo Azuma, Yusuke Murahata, Takeshi Tsuka, Norihiko Ito, Tomohiro Imagawa, Yoshiharu Okamoto
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Fluorescence guided resection (FGR): A primer for oncology
Ron R. Allison
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Synthesis and characterization of bioreducible heparin-polyethyleneimine nanogels: application as imaging-guided photosensitizer delivery vehicle in photodynamic therapy
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RSC Advances.2016; 6(18): 14692. CrossRef
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Pingyong Liao, Xianghua Zhang, Lijun Zhang, Xinrong Wang, Wei Zhu, Jingjian Sun, Yijia Yan, Lixin Zhang, Na Chen, Zhilong Chen
RSC Advances.2016; 6(31): 26186. CrossRef
Polysaccharide based nanogels in the drug delivery system: Application as the carrier of pharmaceutical agents
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Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Photodynamic Therapy of Cancer: A Review
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Molecules.2016; 21(3): 342. CrossRef
Photophysical Characterization and in Vitro Phototoxicity Evaluation of 5,10,15,20-Tetra(quinolin-2-yl)porphyrin as a Potential Sensitizer for Photodynamic Therapy
Letícia Costa, Joana Silva, Sofia Fonseca, Cláudia Arranja, Ana Urbano, Abilio Sobral
Molecules.2016; 21(4): 439. CrossRef
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Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine.2016; 45(10): 803. CrossRef
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Clara Maria Gonçalves de Faria, Natalia Mayumi Inada, Cristina Kurachi, Vanderlei Salvador Bagnato
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology.2016; 162: 168. CrossRef
Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Photodynamic Therapy for Chronic Periodontitis in Vivo
Laura De Freitas, Giovana Calixto, Marlus Chorilli, Juçaíra Giusti, Vanderlei Bagnato, Nikolaos Soukos, Mansoor Amiji, Carla Fontana
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2016; 17(5): 769. CrossRef
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Chung-Hsing Chang, Yu-Hsuan Lin, Cheng-Ru Li, Chun-Ming Chang, Chih-Wei Hung, Han-Chao Chang
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2016; 15: 100. CrossRef
Functional organic nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy
Lei-Lei Rui, Hong-Liang Cao, Yu-Dong Xue, Li-Chao Liu, Lei Xu, Yun Gao, Wei-An Zhang
Chinese Chemical Letters.2016; 27(8): 1412. CrossRef
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Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas.2016; 107(9): 740. CrossRef
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Hyoseung Shin, Ji‐Seon Yoon, Wooseok Koh, Jin Yong Kim, Chang‐Hyun Kim, Kang Min Han, Eo Jin Kim, Ohsang Kwon
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Anna Oniszczuk, Karolina A. Wojtunik-Kulesza, Tomasz Oniszczuk, Kamila Kasprzak
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy.2016; 83: 912. CrossRef
Chloro-aluminium phthalocyanine loaded in ultradeformable liposomes for photobiology studies on human glioblastoma
E. P. O. Silva, L. P. Franchi, A. C. Tedesco
RSC Advances.2016; 6(83): 79631. CrossRef
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T. Gracia-Cazaña, N. Salazar, A. Zamarrón, M. Mascaraque, S.R. Lucena, Á. Juarranz
Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition).2016; 107(9): 740. CrossRef
PLGA nanoparticle encapsulation reduces toxicity while retaining the therapeutic efficacy of EtNBS-PDT in vitro
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Scientific Reports.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of Hydrogel Suppositories for Delivery of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid and Hematoporphyrin Monomethyl Ether to Rectal Tumors
Xuying Ye, Huijuan Yin, Yu Lu, Haixia Zhang, Han Wang
Molecules.2016; 21(10): 1347. CrossRef
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Li-Jun Zhang, Yi-Jia Yan, Ping-Yong Liao, Davor Margetic, Li Wang, Zhi-Long Chen
Tumor Biology.2016; 37(5): 6923. CrossRef
CdSe/ZnS quantum dots induce photodynamic effects and cytotoxicity in pancreatic cancer cells
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World Journal of Gastroenterology.2016; 22(21): 5012. CrossRef
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Oncotarget.2016; 7(45): 74259. CrossRef
Photoimmunotheranostic agents for triple-negative breast cancer diagnosis and therapy that can be activated on demand
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Oncotarget.2016; 7(34): 54925. CrossRef
Fluorescence imaging for photodynamic therapy of non-melanoma skin malignancies – A retrospective clinical study
Sergey Gamayunov, Ilya Turchin, Ilya Fiks, Kseniya Korchagina, Mikhail Kleshnin, Natalya Shakhova
Photonics & Lasers in Medicine.2016; 5(2): 101. CrossRef
Nanoparticles in Photodynamic Therapy
Sasidharan Swarnalatha Lucky, Khee Chee Soo, Yong Zhang
Chemical Reviews.2015; 115(4): 1990. CrossRef
Antitumor effects evaluation of a novel porphyrin derivative in photodynamic therapy
Jian-Wei Li, Zhong-Ming Wu, Davor Magetic, Li-Jun Zhang, Zhi-Long Chen
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Photodynamic Therapy Using Novel Zinc Phthalocyanine Derivatives and a Diode Laser for Superficial Tumors in Experimental Animals
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Journal of Cancer Therapy.2015; 06(01): 53. CrossRef
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Inorganic Chemistry.2015; 54(2): 544. CrossRef
Clinical use of photodynamic therapy in ocular tumors
Eren Cerman, Osman Çekiç
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Low-level light therapy potentiates NPe6-mediated photodynamic therapy in a human osteosarcoma cell line via increased ATP
Shang-Ru Tsai, Rui Yin, Ying-Ying Huang, Bor-Ching Sheu, Si-Chen Lee, Michael R. Hamblin
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2015; 12(1): 123. CrossRef
Sonodynamic action of hypocrellin B on biofilm-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis in planktonic condition
Xinna Wang, Albert Wingnang Leung, Heyu Hua, Chuanshan Xu, Margaret Ip
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.2015; 138(4): 2548. CrossRef
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Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology.2015; 141(11): 1921. CrossRef
Drug Carrier for Photodynamic Cancer Therapy
Tilahun Debele, Sydney Peng, Hsieh-Chih Tsai
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2015; 16(9): 22094. CrossRef
A Novel Photodynamic Therapy Targeting Cancer Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages
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Molecular Cancer Therapeutics.2015; 14(2): 452. CrossRef
Antitumor Effect of Sinoporphyrin Sodium‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy on Human Esophageal Cancer Eca‐109 Cells
Jianmin Hu, Xiaobing Wang, Quanhong Liu, Kun Zhang, Wenli Xiong, Chuanshan Xu, Pan Wang, Albert Wingnang Leung
Photochemistry and Photobiology.2014; 90(6): 1404. CrossRef
Photochemotherapy using natural anthraquinones: Rubiadin and Soranjidiol sensitize human cancer cell to die by apoptosis
Natalia Belen Rumie Vittar, Laura Comini, Ivana Maria Fernadez, Elizabeth Agostini, Susana Nuñez-Montoya, Jose Luis Cabrera, Viviana Alicia Rivarola
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2014; 11(2): 182. CrossRef
Ascorbic Acid Synergistically Potentiates Phloxine B‐induced Photocytotoxicity in Human Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells
Hang Qi, Qian Wu, Naomi Abe, Shunya Saiki, Beiwei Zhu, Yoshiyuki Murata, Yoshimasa Nakamura
Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology.2014; 28(4): 167. CrossRef
Photodynamic effect of Radachlorin on nerve and glial cells
M.A. Neginskaya, E.V. Berezhnaya, M.V. Rudkovskii, S.V. Demyanenko, A.B. Uzdensky
Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2014; 11(3): 357. CrossRef
Photodynamic Therapy: Oncologic Horizons
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Future Oncology.2014; 10(1): 123. CrossRef
Extra cellular pH influences uptake and photodynamic action of pyropheophorbide-a entrapped in folate receptor targeted organically modified silica nanoparticle
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Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2014; 11(2): 156. CrossRef
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Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry.2014; 140: 94. CrossRef
Preclinical Validation of Talaporfin Sodium-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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PLoS ONE.2014; 9(8): e103126. CrossRef
Evaluation of photodynamic therapy in adhesion protein expression
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Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy.2013; 10(4): 503. CrossRef
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Liposomal temocene (m-THPPo) photodynamic treatment induces cell death by mitochondria-independent apoptosis
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Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects.2013; 1830(10): 4611. CrossRef
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Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie.2013; 140: 223. CrossRef
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F1000Research.2013; 2: 161. CrossRef
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