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HOME > Clin Endosc > Volume 55(2); 2022 > Article
Original Article Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Gastric Neoplasms: A Latin American Cohort Study
Fernando Palacios-Salas1orcid, Harold Benites-Goñi2,3orcid, Luis Marin-Calderón3orcid, Paulo Bardalez-Cruz3orcid, Jorge Vásquez-Quiroga3orcid, Edgar Alva-Alva3orcid, Bryan Medina-Morales3orcid, Jairo Asencios-Cusihuallpa3orcid
Clinical Endoscopy 2022;55(2):248-255.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.192
Published online: November 12, 2021

1Clínica Delgado y Oncosalud - AUNA, Lima, Perú

2Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima, Perú

3Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins, Lima, Perú

Correspondence: Harold Benites-Goñi Calle Mozart 143, San Borja 15037, Lima, Perú Tel: +51-998-822-811, Fax: +51-685-5365, E-mail: hbenites@usil.edu.pe
• Received: June 17, 2021   • Revised: July 5, 2021   • Accepted: July 22, 2021

Copyright © 2022 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Background/Aims
    Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the preferred technique for treating early gastric cancer (EGC). However, very few studies have been conducted in South America. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of ESD for EGC.
  • Methods
    We analyzed data from a prospective cohort from 2013 to 2020. A total of 152 superficial gastric neoplasms that fulfilled the absolute or expanded criteria for ESD were included. Outcomes were en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates, incidence of adverse events, and length of procedure.
  • Results
    The age of the enrolled patients was 68.4±11.3 years. The number of included patients based on the absolute and expanded indications was 150 and 2, respectively. En bloc, R0, and curative resections were achieved in 98.0%, 96.1%, and 89.5% of the cases, respectively. Bleeding and perforation were reported in 5.9% and 6.6% of the cases, respectively. Histopathological examination revealed low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in 13, 20, 117, and 2 cases, respectively.
  • Conclusions
    Our study shows that ESD performed by properly trained endoscopists in reference centers is safe and effective, with comparable therapeutic outcomes to those reported in the Eastern series.
  • Keywords: Adverse effects; Endoscopic submucosal dissection; Gastric cancer; Treatment outcome
Gastric cancer is a frequent malignant tumor and the third leading malignant cause of death worldwide [1]. South America has a high incidence of gastric cancer, with 49,547 new cases annually [1]. In Peru, the estimated incidence is 6,300 new cases annually (male-to-female ratio, 1.2), most of which are diagnosed at an advanced stage [1]. Although mortality rates have decreased over the past years, gastric cancer is the leading malignant cause of death locally [1,2].
Early diagnosis of gastric cancer increases the chances of curative treatment. In Japan and other Asian countries, the treatment of choice for early gastric cancer (EGC) is endoscopic resection, showing excellent short- and long-term results [3–7]. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the preferred resection technique, as it allows faster recovery and better quality of life than surgery [8].
To use ESD as a standard treatment for EGC in Western countries, similarly good results to those in Eastern studies need to be achieved. Only a few studies have been published in Western countries, given the low incidence of gastric cancer and the technical complexity of ESD [9–13]. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the therapeutic outcomes and safety of ESD for EGC in two endoscopy centers in Peru.
Data were collected and analyzed from a prospective observational cohort of all patients referred for ESD of biopsy-confirmed EGC or adenomatous dysplasia at two medical centers in Peru. All lesions met the indications proposed by the latest Japanese Gastric Cancer Treatment Guidelines (JGCTG) for endoscopic resection of EGC [14]. The precursors of EGC were classified as low-grade dysplasia (LGD) and high-grade dysplasia (HGD). We excluded patients with lesions clinically predicting massive submucosal invasion, or with evidence of lymph node or distant metastases.
Endoscopic characteristics of the lesions
The Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma was used to determine the location and macroscopic type of the lesion [15]. The stomach was divided into upper, middle, and lower third regions. The macroscopic type was classified as elevated (I and IIa) or depressed/flat (IIb and IIc) and was described using the Paris classification [16]. The lesions were measured in centimeters. The presence of ulcers was defined based on the endoscopic or pathological findings. The clinical prediction of invasion depth was made by conventional endoscopy according to the criteria proposed by Palacios et al. [17]. The indications for ESD were categorized as absolute, expanded, or relative.
ESD
ESDs were performed by four endoscopists (FPS, LMC, PBC, JVQ) with previous skills in therapeutic endoscopy and specialized training on ESD, locally and abroad, with renowned Japanese professors. The senior endoscopist (FPS) mentored the training and ESDs for all team members. Sedoanalgesia and general anesthesia were eventually performed.
The equipments used in most cases were Fujinon, EG-530WR, EG-590WR, EG-590ZW, and EG-600ZW endoscopes (Fujinon Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan); Olympus GIF-HQ190 endoscopes (Olympus Optical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan); ERBE VIO-200D electrosurgical source (ERBE elektromedizin GmBH, Tübingen, Germany) and a carbon dioxide insufflation system. The endoscopic knives used were mostly DualKnife (KD-650L; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan), sometimes, HybridKnife (ERBEJET 2; ERBE elektromedizin GmBH, Tübingen, Germany), and rarely, the ITknife2 (KD-611L; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).
The lesions were characterized and delimited with Fuji intelligent color enhancement, narrow-band imaging, magnification, and sequential chromoendoscopy with 1.5% acetic acid and 0.3% indigo carmine. The lesions were marked 3–5 mm around them and separated 3–5 mm from each other using argon plasma (Forced APC 25 W; ERBE elektromedizin GmBH, Tübingen, Germany) or the tip of the DualKnife (KD-650L; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) (Soft COAG, E5 100 W).
A transparent cap placed on the endoscope tip (straight or conical) with a 3–4-mm protusion was used in all the procedures. The lesions were elevated by sequential submucosal injections of 10% mannitol (previously diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride) with 1:250,000 diluted adrenaline, and slightly stained with methylene blue. A partial incision of 3–5 mm around the margin of each lesion was made, followed by submucosal dissection until approximately 60%–70% of the lesion. The electrosurgical unit settings were mostly ENDO CUT I E3-3-3 and Swift COAG E4 40 W for cutting and dissection, respectively. Visible small vessels during dissection were thermocoagulated with the same endoscopic knives, whereas larger vessels were thermocoagulated with the coagrasper hemostatic forceps (FD-410 LR; Olympus, Tokyo, Japan) or hot biopsy forceps (Soft COAG, E5 80 W was used in both cases). In cases of large and pulsating vessels, hemoclips were applied. Procedure time was defined as the time from the first incision to completion of the dissection. Figures 1 and 2 show the sequential ESD images.
Histologic examination
The samples were fixed in 10% formalin. The maximum diameter of each lesion and specimen was measured. The specimens were then sectioned at 2-mm intervals. The histological type of each lesion was determined based on the Vienna and World Health Organization criteria [18,19]. Horizontal and vertical margins, depth of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and presence of ulcerations were evaluated. Depth of invasion was determined as mucosal (M or pT1a), superficial submucosal (<500 µm, SM1 or pT1b1), or deep submucosal (≥500 µm, SM2 or pT1b2).
Adverse events and post-procedure care
Adverse events were defined according to the consensus of the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy for endoscopic adverse effects [20]. Significant immediate bleeding (>2 g/dl drop in hemoglobin, or requirement of transfusion) was considered an adverse event. Delayed bleeding was considered as occurring within 30 days after ESD, with the same clinical characteristics as immediate bleeding and/or the need for an intervention.
Perforation was defined as a full-thickness defect during ESD or the presence of air or luminal content outside the gastrointestinal tract. Immediate perforation was recognized and treated with hemoclips. Surgery was indicated if hemoclip closure was unsuccessful. Delayed perforation was considered as occurring within the first 30 days after ESD, and the indicated treatment was surgical.
Definitions
En bloc resection: Resection of neoplastic lesion in one single piece.
Complete resection (R0): En bloc resected lesion with histologic confirmation of horizontal and vertical margins free of neoplasia (HM0 and VM0). If there were any compromised margins due to neoplasia (HM1 and/or VM1), the resection was considered “not complete” (R1). Piecemeal resection of up to three pieces can be R0 if reconstruction is possible; otherwise, it does not allow the microscopic evaluation of the horizontal margins; therefore, the resection would be considered R1. If a neoplastic lesion could not be removed, it was considered as “failed resection”.

Curability criteria

In cases of categories IV and V, according to the Vienna classification (HGD and adenocarcinoma, respectively), the curability criteria followed the definitions proposed by JGCTG [14].
- Endoscopic curability A (eCuraA): En bloc resection without ulcerative findings (UL0), any tumor size, histologically differentiated type-dominant, pT1a, HM0, VM0, and no lymphovascular invasion (Ly-V0). If ulcerative findings are present (UL1), the resection is still classified as eCuraA when the tumor size is ≤3 cm and the other conditions are met. However, if the undifferentiated component of the lesion >2 cm in length, the endoscopic curability is classified as C-2 (eCuraC-2).
- Endoscopic curability B (eCuraB): En bloc resection, HM0, VM0, Ly-V0, and fulfilling one of the following conditions: (a) pT1a cancer, histologically undifferentiated type-dominant, UL0, tumor size ≤2 cm; (b) pT1b cancer, histologically differentiated type-dominant, pT1b1 (SM1) (<500 µm from the muscularis mucosa), tumor size ≤3 cm. However, if the undifferentiated component is included in the portion with submucosal invasion, the endoscopic curability is classified as C-2 (eCuraC-2).
- Endoscopic curability C (eCuraC): The resection is classified as endoscopic curability C (eCuraC) when it does not fulfill the conditions described above to be classified as either eCuraA or eCuraB. An eCuraC-1 resection is referred to cases only with HM1, while an eCuraC-2 resection was used for cases with other non-curative conditions, such as VM1, SM2 invasion, or Ly-V1.
Categories eCuraA and eCuraB were considered curative resections. Category eCuraC was considered a noncurative resection. In the case of category III of the Vienna classification (LGD), curative resection was defined if resection met the R0 criteria.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (version 23; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Frequencies and percentages were calculated for categorical variables, and means and standard deviations or medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) were calculated for continuous variables. Qualitative and quantitative variables were evaluated using the Fisher exact test and Student’s t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. The significance of differences in the size and duration of the procedure by curative resection was evaluated by the Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.
Ethical considerations
The protocol was approved by the local ethics committee (832-2021-030). Informed consent was waived because of the retrospective study design and because the analysis used anonymous clinical data. The study protocol conformed to the ethical guidelines of the 1975 Declaration of Helsinki.
Between January 2013 and July 2020, 137 patients from two reference medical centers with 152 superficial gastric neoplasms were included.
Patient and lesion characteristics
Patient characteristics and resected lesions are shown in Table 1. The mean age was 68.4 years (range 28–94 years). The female-to-male ratio was 1.4. The median lesion size was 1.8 cm (IQR, 1.5–2.6 cm), and the size of the largest resected lesion was 12 cm. The indication for ESD was absolute in 150 cases, according to the revised JGCTG criteria (98.7%).
ESD procedures
The characteristics of the procedures are described in Table 2. Immediate perforation occurred in nine cases (5.9%), of which eight were successfully treated using through-the-scope clips, and only one required surgery because of the difficult location for clipping (pyloroduodenal extension of antral lesion). Delayed perforation occurred in one case (0.7%) after difficult ESD at the gastrojejunal anastomosis, which was treated surgically. All bleeding cases were managed endoscopically. No deaths were associated with ESD.
Histological analysis
Complete resection was achieved in 146 out of 152 cases (96.1%). The histopathology of the lesions is described in Table 3.
Evaluation of curability
Thirteen resected lesions by LGD were considered curative. Of 139 lesions with HGD and adenocarcinoma, 120 (86.3%), 3 (2.2%), 4 (2.9%), and 12 (8.6%) were categorized as eCuraA, eCuraB, eCuraC-1, and eCuraC-2, respectively, with two eCuraC-2 lesions in the same patient. Fig. 3 summarizes the indications for ESD and the main outcomes.
In considering lesions with LGD and lesions within categories eCuraA and eCuraB, the global curative resection rate was 89.5% (136/152). Regarding lesions within categories eCuraC-1 and eCuraC-2, the grouped non-curative resection rate was 10.5% (16/152). Of 15 patients with non-curative resections, four underwent surgery, all of whom had lesions with R0 and eCuraC-2 resections. Postoperative residual neoplastic tissues were found in the resection area in two cases, and none had lymph node metastases.
The recent development of ESD for treating EGC has shown excellent short- and long-term results [14]. ESD has been developed in Japan and has advantages over endoscopic mucosal resection in treating EGC, in terms of the probability of en bloc resection without any size limitation, which results in an improved histological assessment, higher complete and curative resection rates, and lower local recurrence [21,22].
To date, the majority of studies on this topic have been conducted in Eastern countries, reflecting their great experience in ESD, becoming their preferred approach in the treatment of EGC. In contrast, a lower incidence of gastric cancer and a higher proportion of lesions found in advanced stages in Western countries have delayed the learning and implementation of ESD. To consider this technique as the standard treatment for EGC in non-Eastern countries, the same good results achieved in Asian studies must be achieved.
In our study, we achieved high en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates at 98.0%, 96.1%, and 89.5%, respectively, which are similar to those in Japanese and Korean studies (92%–99.4%, 90.1%–97.3%, and 73.6%–94.7%, respectively) [22–26]. A systematic review including six Latin American studies, revealed en bloc, R0, and curative overall resection rates of 96%, 84%, and 72%, respectively [27]. To our knowledge, the largest Western series of ESD for EGC has recently been published by Ngamruengphong et al. [28], who reported en bloc, R0, and curative resection rates of 92.2%, 91.8%, and 58.7%, from 347 lesions resected in several hospitals in the United States. An important Latin American study by Arantes et al. [13] reported achieving en bloc and R0 resection rates of >90% and a curative resection rate of 76% in 35 adenomas and 42 EGCs resected by ESD. The curative resection rates in both studies are lower than that in our study.
One reason for our high-quality results, specifically our high curative resection rate, was the accuracy in diagnosing the invasion depth of the lesions. Previously, Palacios et al. [17] proposed five endoscopic features that could predict massive submucosal invasion in EGC as follows: margin and central elevation with submucosal appearance, irregular surface, enlarged folds, size >30 mm in protruding lesions, and lesion rigidity. In a validation study, the presence of two or more of these characteristics predicted massive submucosal invasion with very high accuracy and positive predictive value; therefore, these lesions should not be treated by ESD. Another important reason is the systematic training on ESD described previously.
The updated JGCTG included new indications for endoscopic resection and definitions of curability [14], based on the results of the JCOG0607 study, which showed a similar 5-year overall survival rate to that of the general population, in patients after ESD of EGC that satisfied the previous expanded criteria of differentiated-type mucosal gastric cancer and UL0 tumors > 2 cm in size or UL1 tumors ≤3 cm in size [29]. These categories are now considered absolute indications for ESD, and after satisfying curative criteria are categorized as eCuraA. In our study, almost all lesions had absolute indications for ESD, and most were categorized as eCuraA after resection. Only two lesions with undifferentiated-type mucosal gastric cancer, UL0, and ≤2 cm in size had expanded indications for ESD, and these two lesions and one differentiated-type gastric cancer with tumor size ≤3 cm and SM1 invasion, fulfilled the new expanded curative criteria and were categorized as eCuraB after resection. Resections were considered noncurative in 16 cases, of which four with local recurrence risk because of HM1 were categorized as eCuraC-1, and 12 with risk of lymph node metastases because of SM2 invasion, lymphovascular invasion, or VM1, were categorized as eCuraC-2. Ten of the 12 eCuraC-2 resections had R0 resections.
The median size of the resected lesions and the specimens were 1.8 cm and 3.5 cm, respectively. The largest successfully treated lesion was 12 cm in size, located in the lesser curvature of the middle and upper thirds of the stomach, representing the consolidation of our ESD learning curve. The median operating time was 53.5 min, which was similar to that reported in Eastern studies and lower than that reported in Western countries (61–135 min) [9–13,23].
Regarding adverse events, perforation was immediate in nine cases (5.9%) and delayed in one case (0.7%). Most perforations were treated successfully by placing hemoclips, but one case of immediate perforation (occurring in a lesion extending through the pylorus to the duodenal bulb) and delayed perforation required surgery. Our perforation rate was slightly higher than that reported by Oda in a review of 28 Japanese and Korean studies, including > 300 gastric ESD each, which ranged from 1.2%–5.2%, and also higher than the values reported by Zullo et al. in a meta-analysis of Western studies with an overall rate of 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5%–4.6%) [27,30]. However, as Zullo et al. [27] pointed out, the perforation rate was higher in studies with few patients, even reaching 22%. The perforation rate is closely related to the learning curve. Seven of the nine cases of immediate perforation occurred in the first 50 ESDs. In addition, we initially worked with standard gastroscopes, without high definition or accessory water irrigation channels, and most procedures were performed with sedoanalgesia, which is a non-general anesthesia, as reported by most Western series, increasing technical difficulty. Delayed perforation was reported in 0.5% of cases in a large Japanese study, similar to ours [31].
Delayed bleeding is another important adverse event associated with gastric ESD. The incidence was 3.9%, and all cases were treated using endoscopy. In Eastern studies, delayed bleeding has been reported to range from 0% to 15.6% [30]. In most Eastern centers, a second-look endoscopy is performed the day after ESD, which is not usually performed if there is no evidence of bleeding. A meta-analysis of Western studies revealed an overall delayed bleeding rate of 5.8% (95% CI, 4.6%–7.3%) [27].
The strength of this study is that it has one of the largest cohorts of patients with EGC and premalignant gastric lesions treated by ESD in non-Eastern countries with the largest proportion in Latin America. The limitations of this study are the relatively small number of patients compared to those in Eastern studies, its retrospective design, and unavailable short-term data. Furthermore, the possibility of Helicobacter pylori infection was not considered in our study. This variable should be considered in subsequent studies because of its high local incidence (approximately 50%) and relationship with gastric cancer development, which could increase the risk of recurrence [32].
In conclusion, our study shows that ESD performed by properly trained endoscopists in local reference centers is safe and effective, with comparable en bloc, complete, and curative resection rates and similar adverse events to those reported by Eastern studies. Thus, ESD should be established as a standard treatment for EGC in our country, with almost no risk of lymphnode metastasis. Further data are needed to define the long-term outcomes.
Fig. 1.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection of an early gastric cancer (0-IIb+IIa) on the gastric body. (A) Marking outside the lesion. (B) Peripheral partial incision. (C) Submucosal dissection. (D) Post-resection ulcer. (E) Fixation of the tissue specimen. (F) Low-power view of the resected specimen shows differentiated adenocarcinoma (hematoxylin & eosin stain, ×40).
ce-2021-192f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection of a synchronous early gastric cancer. (A, B) An early gastric cancer (0-IIa) on the gastric angle. (C) Peripheral incision. (D) Submucosal dissection. (E) Post-resection ulcer. (F) Fixation of the tissue specimen. (G) Specimen sections. (H) Low-power view of the resected specimen shows differentiated adenocarcinoma (hematoxylin & eosin stain, ×20).
ce-2021-192f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
Indications for endoscopic submucosal dissection, main outcomes and curability criteria. LGD, low-grade dysplasia.
ce-2021-192f3.jpg
Table 1.
Patient and Lesion Characteristics
Clinical characteristics n (%)
Sex
 Female 80 (52.6)
Mean age, years (SD) 68.4 (±11.3)
Localization
 Upper third 10 (6.6)
 Middle third 50 (32.9)
 Lower third 92 (60.5)
Paris classification type
 0-I 18 (11.8)
 0-IIa 45 (29.6)
 0-IIb 5 (3.3)
 0-IIc 41 (27.0)
 Mixed type 43 (28.3)
Macroscopic type
 Elevated type 70 (46.1)
 Depressed/flat type 82 (53.9)
Lesion size (measured after resection)
 ≤2 cm 88 (57.9)
 2-3 cm 44 (28.9)
 >3 cm 20 (13.2)
Ulceration
 Present 8 (5.3)
Indication for ESD
 Absolute 150 (98.7)
 Expanded 2 (1.3)

ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; SD, standard deviations.

Table 2.
Procedural Characteristics and Adverse Events
Procedural characteristics n (%)
Sedation
 Sedoanalgesia 143 (94.1)
 General anesthesia 9 (5.9)
En bloc resection 149 (98.0)
Complementary use of snare 14 (9.2)
Median size of the resected specimens (IQR), cm 3.5 (2.8–4.5)
Median procedure time (IQR), min 53.5 (35–76.5)
Adverse events 19 (12.5)
 Immediate perforation 9 (5.9)
 Delayed perforation 1 (0.7)
 Intraprocedural bleeding 3 (2.0)
 Delayed bleeding 6 (3.9)

IQR, interquartile range.

Table 3.
Histological Analysis
Histological analysis n (%)
Histology of the lesion
 Low-grade dysplasia 13 (8.6)
 High-grade dysplasia 20 (13.2)
 Differentiated adenocarcinoma 117 (77.0)
 Undifferentiated adenocarcinoma 2 (1.3)
Invasion
 M 139 (91.4)
 SM1 2 (1.3)
 SM2 11 (7.2)
Horizontal margins
 HM0 146 (96.1)
 HM1 4 (2.6)
 HMx 2 (1.3)
Vertical margins
 VM0 151 (99.3)
 VM1 0 (0)
 VMx 1 (0.7)
Lymphovascular invasion 1 (0.7)
Complete resection 146 (96.1)

HM0, negative horizontal margin; HM1, positive horizontal margin; HMx, unclear horizontal margin; M, lesion confined to mucosa; SM1, cancer with depth of invasion from the muscularis mucosa <500 μm; SM2, cancer with depth of invasion from the muscularis mucosa ≥500 μm; VM0, negative vertical margin; VM1, positive vertical margin; VMX, unclear vertical margin.

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      Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Gastric Neoplasms: A Latin American Cohort Study
      Clin Endosc. 2022;55(2):248-255.   Published online November 12, 2021
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2021.192
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    Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Gastric Neoplasms: A Latin American Cohort Study
    Image Image Image
    Fig. 1. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of an early gastric cancer (0-IIb+IIa) on the gastric body. (A) Marking outside the lesion. (B) Peripheral partial incision. (C) Submucosal dissection. (D) Post-resection ulcer. (E) Fixation of the tissue specimen. (F) Low-power view of the resected specimen shows differentiated adenocarcinoma (hematoxylin & eosin stain, ×40).
    Fig. 2. Endoscopic submucosal dissection of a synchronous early gastric cancer. (A, B) An early gastric cancer (0-IIa) on the gastric angle. (C) Peripheral incision. (D) Submucosal dissection. (E) Post-resection ulcer. (F) Fixation of the tissue specimen. (G) Specimen sections. (H) Low-power view of the resected specimen shows differentiated adenocarcinoma (hematoxylin & eosin stain, ×20).
    Fig. 3. Indications for endoscopic submucosal dissection, main outcomes and curability criteria. LGD, low-grade dysplasia.

    Fig. 1.

    Fig. 2.

    Fig. 3.

    Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Superficial Gastric Neoplasms: A Latin American Cohort Study
    Clinical characteristics n (%)
    Sex
     Female 80 (52.6)
    Mean age, years (SD) 68.4 (±11.3)
    Localization
     Upper third 10 (6.6)
     Middle third 50 (32.9)
     Lower third 92 (60.5)
    Paris classification type
     0-I 18 (11.8)
     0-IIa 45 (29.6)
     0-IIb 5 (3.3)
     0-IIc 41 (27.0)
     Mixed type 43 (28.3)
    Macroscopic type
     Elevated type 70 (46.1)
     Depressed/flat type 82 (53.9)
    Lesion size (measured after resection)
     ≤2 cm 88 (57.9)
     2-3 cm 44 (28.9)
     >3 cm 20 (13.2)
    Ulceration
     Present 8 (5.3)
    Indication for ESD
     Absolute 150 (98.7)
     Expanded 2 (1.3)
    Procedural characteristics n (%)
    Sedation
     Sedoanalgesia 143 (94.1)
     General anesthesia 9 (5.9)
    En bloc resection 149 (98.0)
    Complementary use of snare 14 (9.2)
    Median size of the resected specimens (IQR), cm 3.5 (2.8–4.5)
    Median procedure time (IQR), min 53.5 (35–76.5)
    Adverse events 19 (12.5)
     Immediate perforation 9 (5.9)
     Delayed perforation 1 (0.7)
     Intraprocedural bleeding 3 (2.0)
     Delayed bleeding 6 (3.9)
    Histological analysis n (%)
    Histology of the lesion
     Low-grade dysplasia 13 (8.6)
     High-grade dysplasia 20 (13.2)
     Differentiated adenocarcinoma 117 (77.0)
     Undifferentiated adenocarcinoma 2 (1.3)
    Invasion
     M 139 (91.4)
     SM1 2 (1.3)
     SM2 11 (7.2)
    Horizontal margins
     HM0 146 (96.1)
     HM1 4 (2.6)
     HMx 2 (1.3)
    Vertical margins
     VM0 151 (99.3)
     VM1 0 (0)
     VMx 1 (0.7)
    Lymphovascular invasion 1 (0.7)
    Complete resection 146 (96.1)
    Table 1. Patient and Lesion Characteristics

    ESD, endoscopic submucosal dissection; SD, standard deviations.

    Table 2. Procedural Characteristics and Adverse Events

    IQR, interquartile range.

    Table 3. Histological Analysis

    HM0, negative horizontal margin; HM1, positive horizontal margin; HMx, unclear horizontal margin; M, lesion confined to mucosa; SM1, cancer with depth of invasion from the muscularis mucosa <500 μm; SM2, cancer with depth of invasion from the muscularis mucosa ≥500 μm; VM0, negative vertical margin; VM1, positive vertical margin; VMX, unclear vertical margin.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

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