Role of endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner in obesity management and glycemic control

Willian Ferreira Igi; Victor Lira de Oliveira; Ayah Matar; Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura

doi:10.5946/ce.2023.217

Igi, de Oliveira, Matar, and de Moura: Role of endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner in obesity management and glycemic control

Review

Clin Endosc 2024; ce.2023.217.

Published online: February 15, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.217

Role of endoscopic duodenojejunal bypass liner in obesity management and glycemic control

Willian Ferreira Igi¹

, Victor Lira de Oliveira²

, Ayah Matar³

, Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura^2,⁴

¹Endoscopy Unit, Hospital de Amor da Amazônia, Rondonia, Brazil

²Serviço de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

³American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon

⁴Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Division, Instituto D’Or de Pesquisa e Ensino, Hospital Vila Nova Star, São Paulo, Brazil

Correspondence: Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura Serviço de Endoscopia Gastrointestinal, Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 6 Andar, Bloco 3, Cerqueira Cesar, São Paulo-SP, 05403010, Brazil E-mail: dthmoura@hotmail.com

Received August 31, 2023 Revised October 9, 2023 Accepted October 10, 2023

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Abstract

The treatment of obesity and its comorbidities ranges from clinical management involving lifestyle changes and medications to bariatric and metabolic surgery. Various endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMT) recently emerged to address an important therapeutic gap by offering a less invasive alternative to surgery that is more effective than conservative therapies. This article comprehensively reviews the technical aspects, mechanism of action, outcomes, and future perspectives of one of the most promising EBMT, named duodenojejunal bypass liner (DJBL). The DJBL mimics the mechanism of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass by preventing food contact with the duodenum and proximal jejunum, thereby initiating a series of hormonal changes that lead to delayed gastric emptying and malabsorptive effects. These physiological changes result in significant weight loss and improved metabolic control, leading to better glycemic levels, preventing dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and mitigating cardiovascular risk. However, concern exists regarding the safety profile of this device due to the reported high rates of severe adverse events, particularly liver abscesses. Ongoing technical changes aiming to reduce adverse events are being evaluated in clinical trials and may provide more reliable data to support its routine use in clinical practice.

Keywords: Bariatrics surgery; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Endoscopy; Gastrointestinal disorders; Obesity

INTRODUCTION

Obesity has reached pandemic proportions, with estimates suggesting that by 2035, 51% of the population will be overweight or obese. This escalating crisis comes at a staggering cost of 4 trillion US dollars, encompassing diminished productivity, premature mortality, and increased direct healthcare expenditures.¹ Obesity is intricately linked with a range of comorbidities, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obstructive sleep apnea, and others. Notably, among these conditions, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) stands out prominently. The profound correlation between obesity and T2DM has led to the conceptualization of the term “diabesity”.²

Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective and durable treatment for obesity and its associated comorbidities.³^-⁵ However, <2% of eligible patients undergo bariatric surgery for a variety of reasons, including surgical risk, personal preference, fear, cost, and access.⁶ Initial approaches to managing obesity and its related comorbidities involve lifestyle modifications encompassing diet and exercise. Additionally, the use of weight loss medications is increasing due to the higher efficacy than previously available medications. However, poor long-term weight loss, especially after medication discontinuation, often necessitates further therapeutic intervention. Consequently, endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs) have emerged as an alternative for patients with obesity, including those who are ineligible or reluctant to undergo bariatric and metabolic surgical intervention.³^,⁷

The duodenojejunal bypass liner (DJBL) (EndoBarrier; GI Dynamics) (Fig. 1) is a minimally invasive and fully reversible procedure that emulates the metabolic effects of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) by preventing food contact with the duodenum and proximal jejunum, thereby initiating a series of hormonal changes that lead to delayed gastric emptying and malabsorptive effects. These physiological changes result in significant weight loss and improved metabolic control, leading to better glycemic levels, preventing dyslipidemia and NAFLD, and mitigating cardiovascular risk. However, concern exists regarding the device’s safety profile due to the reported high rates of severe adverse events (SAEs).⁷ To increase our understanding of the role of DJBL in the management of obesity and its related comorbidities, this article comprehensively reviews its technical aspects, mechanism of action, outcomes, and future perspectives.

DEVICE CHARACTERISTICS AND ENDOSCOPIC PLACEMENT/REMOVAL

The DJBL is a single-use endoscopic device composed of a 60-cm impermeable fluoropolymer liner and a nitinol anchor that enables its fixation in the duodenal bulb. This liner impedes the mixing of chyme with bile and pancreatic secretions prior to the proximal portion of the jejunum.

The DJBL is placed endoscopically under general anesthesia. First, a guidewire is positioned in the jejunum (as distally as possible) and the device is placed over the guidewire under fluoroscopic and endoscopic assistance. The fluorine polymer liner is then advanced to overlay the duodenum and the proximal jejunum. After the appropriate position is confirmed on fluoroscopy, the anchoring system is deployed and fixed at the duodenal bulb (Fig. 2). Finally, a water-soluble contrast is injected through the working channel to ensure proper device position and the absence of liner obstructions (“kinks”).⁷

The endoscopic removal of the DJBL should performed under general anesthesia and fluoroscopic assistance utilizing a device-specific grasping tool within a suitable foreign body hood (similar to a large cap) positioned at the distal end of the gastroscope.⁸ The device is ideally removed within 12 months unless early removal is required due to an adverse event. A prior study reveal that DJBL use longer than 12 months (up to 24 months) increases the risk of adverse events without providing clinical benefits.⁸

PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS/MECHANISM OF ACTION

EBMTs are generally classified into four categories: space occupying, gastric remodeling, aspiration therapy, and small bowel therapies.³ The DJBL is categorized as a small bowel therapy that aims to replicate the mechanisms of action of RYGB, a surgery recognized for its significant metabolic effects.⁹^-¹³

Among its mechanisms of action, the incretin effect is specifically relevant. Incretins are gut hormones that enhance insulin secretion following food consumption. The main incretins are glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1> (GLP-1).¹⁴ GIP is secreted by K enteroendocrine cells in the duodenum and proximal jejunum upon contact with food, thus stimulating insulin synthesis and secretion. Nevertheless, this process may contribute to the onset of T2DM. Conversely, GLP-1 acts in the distal small intestine, stimulating beta cell proliferation, promoting insulin production and secretion, inhibiting glucagon secretion, slowing peristalsis, and promoting satiety.¹⁵

Another crucial hormonal effect of DJBL is linked to gastric emptying. Ghrelin, a hormone produced in the gastric fundus and pancreas, stimulates hunger. Conversely, peptide YY (PYY) inhibits gastrointestinal emptying and enhances satiety.¹⁵

By preventing food contact with the mucosa of the duodenum and proximal jejunum, DJBL reduces the anti-incretin effect, subsequently improving insulin resistance and glucose regulation. Additionally, the presence of undigested food in the distal portions of the small intestine stimulates incretin secretion and insulin production and enhances glycemic homeostasis.⁷

A previous meta-analysis demonstrated that, upon device removal, postprandial GLP-1 levels significantly increase and GIP levels decrease compared to baseline values. The same study also evidenced a notable increase in fasting ghrelin and PYY levels.¹⁶

A comprehensive analysis of the mechanisms of action revealed comparable effects of DJBL and RYGB. Overall, both strategies elevate GLP-1 and PYY levels while reducing GIP concentrations. Moreover, both methods mechanically exclude the duodenum and proximal jejunum, exposing the distal segments of the small intestine to undigested contents. Divergent findings have emerged concerning the effects on ghrelin; its levels decrease with RYGB but increase with the DJBL. The surgical approach also involves isolation of the cardia, a partial vagotomy, and exclusion of the distal stomach, while the DJBL delays gastric emptying.⁸^,¹⁷

CLINICAL OUTCOMES

Weight loss

A recent systematic review and meta-analysis¹⁸ examined the impact of DJBL on weight loss and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. The meta-analysis included 10 randomized controlled trials (evidence 1A) examining a total of 681 patients (80% with T2DM) who underwent device placement along with 291 controls. The percentage excess weight loss (%EWL) was higher in the DJBL than control group (mean difference [MD], +11.39% [+7.75 to +15.03%]; p<0.00001, I²=91%) as well as absolute weight loss (AWL) and total weight loss (%TWL), with MD values of +6.64 kg [+4.77 to +8.50 kg], p<0.00001, I²=98% and +4.43% [+1.95 to +6.90%], p=0.0005, I²=98%, respectively, compared with other weight loss modalities such as aspiration therapy and intragastric balloon.¹⁹^,²⁰

All EBMTs carry the risk of weight regain after their removal. In a retrospective study, a follow-up assessment performed 6 months after DJBL removal showed that 66.7% of patients with class I obesity (at baseline) maintained a stable weight or regained only <7%. In contrast, no patients with a body mass index (BMI) >35 kg/m² (at baseline) were able to maintain or present a weight regain <7%.²¹ A study evaluated the outcomes at 4 years after DJBL explantation and showed improvement in AWL, %TWL, and BMI. However, none of these parameters were significantly different compared to baseline.²² Thus, the effect of initial DJBL treatment on weight reduction seemed diminished after long-term follow-up. However, larger prospective studies with long-term follow-up periods are needed to clarify its long-term effects.

Metabolic improvement

As previously emphasized, due to mechanisms akin to RYGB, the DJBL is anticipated to yield significant effects on glycemic control. Notable reductions in HbA1c levels have been demonstrated as in a recent level 1A evidence study, with an MD of –1.03 (–1.56 to –0.50, p=0.0001, I²=65%).¹⁸ Within the Worldwide Endobarrier Registry established by the Association of British Clinical Diabetologists, 1,022 patients from 34 centers in 10 countries were registered through October 2022. The registry revealed considerable improvements in weight loss, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and HbA1c, with more pronounced enhancements observed in patients with higher BMI and HbA1c levels. Notably, there was a reduction of −1.3±1.5 in HbA1c (p<0.001).²³

A recent study examined the metabolic effects of DJBL in patients with NAFLD. Over a 48-week duration, 31 patients with obesity and T2DM exhibited a reduction in steatosis and a decreased risk of developing non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, although the impact on hepatic fibrosis was limited.²⁴ Another study assessed 71 patients who underwent DJBL treatment for 9–12 months, followed by a 6-month follow-up after its removal. This study demonstrated a decrease in the fatty liver index during its use (93.38 vs. 98.22, p<0.001) along with reductions in alanine aminotransferase (29.03 vs. 42.29 U/L, p<0.0001) and cytokeratin-18 fragments (190.6 vs. 276 U/L, p<0.0001), which remained stable in the following 6 months.²⁵

Moreover, a relatively unexplored undesired effect of the DJBL involves vitamin and mineral malabsorption. An analysis of 19 insulin-dependent diabetes patients after 12 months of treatment observed significant decreases in hemoglobin, hematocrit, iron, ferritin, vitamin B₁₂, albumin, and pre-albumin. While no substantial changes in bone mineral density were noted, further research is needed to formulate nutritional recommendations for these patients.²⁶

As a result of enhanced metabolic control, a prospective study of 71 patients indicated a relative risk reduction of cardiovascular events over a 4-year period among patients undergoing DJBL treatment. The risk reduction reached 16.2% at the time of its removal, and the benefits persisted for 6 months thereafter.²⁷

Safety

In a previous systematic review²⁸ considering the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE) grading system,²⁹ the rate of DJBL-related adverse events was 84.4%, with 75.8% classified as mild and 3.7% as severe.²⁸^,²⁹ In a more recent meta-analysis,¹⁸ SAEs occurred in 19.7% of patients according to the Clavien-Dindo³⁰ and AGREE³¹ classifications. The majority of adverse events—predominantly those involving abdominal pain and nausea—are linked to the initial adaptation period after device. Within the Worldwide DJBL Registry, 4.2% of patients reportedly experienced SAEs, notably bleeding (2.3%), hepatic abscesses (1.1%), and pancreatitis/cholecystitis (0.4%).²³

While most SAEs can be managed through endoscopic removal of the DJBL,¹⁸^,³² in 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) halted the ENDO trial (NCT01728116) due to the risk of device-related hepatic abscesses.³³ To overcome this issue, the company is implementing technical modifications and recommending the discontinuation of proton pump inhibitor intake during DJBL use.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER METHODS

Compared to RYGB, despite their physiological similarities, the surgical approach leads to more significant weight loss. In a comparative study of 97 patients (75 treated with RYGB, 25 treated with DJBL) with a 12-month follow-up, the mean BMI reduction (11.54±4.47 kg/m² vs. 6.23±2.36), %TWL (27.93±8.57% vs. 15.04±5.73), and %EWL (67.26±24.6% vs. 44.48±27.07) were higher in the RYGB group. In terms of metabolic effects, at 1 year of follow-up, glycemic control had improved significantly in both groups with no significant intergroup difference.⁸

Current FDA-approved EBMTs include intragastric balloon, aspiration therapy, and gastric remodeling therapies such as endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty with the Apollo Overstitch suturing device (Apollo Endosurgery Inc.) as well as gastric suturing using the Endomina platform (Endo Tools Therapeutics S.A.).¹³ The ASGE/American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) criteria for adopting EBMTs in clinical practice encompass a %EWL ≥25% versus the control group and an SAE rate ≤5%.³⁴^,³⁵ Therefore, the available data demonstrate that the DJBL does not achieve the ASGE/ASMBS criteria for adoption in clinical practice. More data are expected to be obtained from the ongoing STEP-1 trial (NCT04101669), which was initiated in 2019 and is expected to end in 2025.³⁶

Among the most commonly used EBMTs (Table 1),¹⁸^,¹⁹^,³⁷^-⁴¹ two directly target the small bowel as the DJBL and the duodenal mucosal resurfacing (DMR). While no EBMTs targeting the small bowel have been approved to date by the FDA for routine practice,⁴² the initial data are promising.

The DMR involves thermal ablation of the duodenal mucosa that aims to enhance glycemic control in patients with T2DM. A meta-analysis of four studies including 127 patients demonstrated reductions in HbA1c by 1.72% and 0.94% at 3 and 6 months of follow-up, respectively. This improvement was accompanied by improved hepatic function markers such as alanine aminotransferase. Interestingly, DMR did not influence weight loss. These findings suggest that DMR could be an option for achieving at least short-term glycemic control and managing hepatic steatosis in non-insulin-dependent T2DM patients.³⁸ Thus, the limited effect on weight loss of DMR seems to favor the use of DJBL in patients with both T2DM and overweight/obesity.

Among the various EBMTs, device selection must consider several factors such as personal and local experience, device availability, patient preference, and cost.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

As the EBMT field evolves, several areas must be addressed to optimize outcomes. Patient selection is key to achieving better outcomes. Several factors that may interfere in the mechanism of action of EBMTs are being investigated, such as gastric motility, bile acid metabolism, the gut microbiome, enteral hormones, and genetics. The combined use of two EBMT devices, applied simultaneously or sequentially, as well as that of an EBMT with weight loss medications, appear to improve efficacy and are under investigation. As any other medical treatment, a great doctor–patient relationship is crucial to achieving satisfactory outcomes, including close follow-up with a multidisciplinary team.

Larger randomized controlled trials with long-term follow-up are still required to gather more robust evidence for EBMT utilization, mainly therapies targeting the small bowel such as the DJBL.

CONCLUSIONS

Although the ASGE/ASMBS thresholds for the adoption of DJBL in the endoscopic management of obesity was not reached by studies to date, the DJBL may still play a role in the management of obesity and T2DM. DJBL is a minimally invasive therapy with higher efficacy than control groups in high-quality comparative studies. Safety remains a concern due to its non-negligible rate of SAEs. Therefore, the device requires modification with the aim of improving its safety profile. Additionally, standardized training is needed to enhance outcomes and facilitate its broad adoption. As an EBMT, the DJBL may become an important tool in the armamentarium for the battle against the diabesity pandemic.

NOTES

Conflicts of Interest

Prof. Dr. Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura reports receiving personal fees from Bariatek-Advanced Bariatric Soluctions outside the submitted work. The other authors have no potential conflicts of interest.

Funding

None.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: DTHM; Project administration: DTHM; Supervision: all authors; Validation: all authors; Writing–original draft: WFI, VLdO; Writing–review & editing: all authors.

Fig. 1.

Photograph of the duodenojejunal bypass liner.

Fig. 2.

Photographs of step by step duodenojejunal bypass liner (DJBL) placement process. (A) Endoscopic evaluation followed by distal guidewire placement. (B) DJBL placement over the guidewire. (C) Anchor system deployment in the duodenal bulb. (D) Final appearance after successful DJBL placement.

Table 1.

Summary of characteristics of the various EBMTs¹⁸^,¹⁹^,³⁷–⁴¹

EBMTs	Mechanism of action	Advantages	Disadvantages	% TWL	% EWL	% SAE
DJBL	Prevents food contact with the duodenum and proximal jejunal mucosa	Reversible	Short duration of treatment (removed within 6–12 mo)	4.43	11.4	19.7
		Effective in T2DM control	Poor safety profile
		Considerable weight loss	Non-FDA approved
			Need fluoroscopic assistance
IGB	Mechanical “obstruction” of the stomach (space occupying device)	Reversible	Significant weight regain after removal, short duration of treatment (6–12 mo)	12.1	34.8	3.2
	Delay gastric emptying	Different models commercially available
		FDA approved
		Widely available
Gastric remodeling
ESG	Reduction of the stomach by full-thickness sutures of the gastric body	2-Years weight loss maintenance	Double-channel endoscope is required with the most used system (Overstitch; Apollo Endosurgery Inc.). However, a single channel device is now available (Overstitch Sx).	15.34	55.6	2.8
	Delay gastric emptying	FDA-approved
		RCT data supporting its use
		Single channel scope
Endomina	Reduction of the stomach by full-thickness sutures of the gastric body	FDA-approved	Lower weight loss compared to other gastric remodeling techniques	11.8	45.1	Not reported
Endomina	Delay gastric emptying	RCT data supporting its use	Non-reversible.
POSE-2	Reduction of the stomach by full-thickness plications of the gastric body	Appears to be more durable than other remodeling techniques	Single channel scope and ultra-slim scope are required.	12.68	48.86	2.84
POSE-2			Non-FDA approved
Aspiration therapy	Aspiration of undigested food from the stomach after eating	Sustained long-term weight loss during its use	Complications similar to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, such as granulation tissue formation, and buried-bumper syndrome	17.8	46.3	4.1
		Reversible	Gastrocutaneous fistula is common when used for more than 3 years.
		FDA-approved
DMR	Ablation of the duodenal mucosa	Promising results in terms of glycemic control and improvements in liver parameters in patients with NAFLD	Not effective for weight loss	Not significant	Not significant	1.5
		Reversible	Not widely available
			Non-FDA approved

EBMT, endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapy; TWL, total weight loss; EWL, excess weight loss; SAE, severe adverse event; DJBL, duodenaljejunal bypass liner; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; IGB, intragastric balloon; FDA, Food and Drug Administration; ESG, endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty; RCT, randomized controlled trial; POSE, primary obesity surgery endoluminal; DMR, duodenal mucosal resurfacing; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

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