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Original Article Endoscopic management of giant colonic polyps: a retrospective Italian study
Paolo Quitadamo1,orcid, Sara Isoldi1orcid, Germana De Nucci2orcid, Giulia Muzi3orcid, Flora Caruso4orcid
Clinical Endoscopy 2024;57(4):501-507.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2023.229
Published online: June 5, 2024

1Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Naples, Italy

2Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Unit, Garbagnate Milanese Hospital, Milan, Italy

3NESMOS Department, Pediatric Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

4Hepatogastroenterology Division, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy

Correspondence: Paolo Quitadamo Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, Via Mario Fiore 6, 80129 Naples, Italy E-mail: paoloquitadamo@yahoo.it
• Received: September 12, 2023   • Revised: January 13, 2024   • Accepted: January 14, 2024

© 2024 Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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See letter "Endoscopic approaches for the management of giant colonic polyps" in Volume 57 on page 468.
  • Background/Aims
    Polyps greater than 30 mm are classified as “giants”. Their endoscopic removal represents a technical challenge. The choice of the endoscopic removal technique is important because it provides a resection sample for precise histopathological staging. This is pivotal for diagnostic, prognostic, and management purposes.
  • Methods
    From a retrospective analysis, we obtained a sample of 38 giant polyps. Eighteen polypectomies were performed using the epinephrine volume reduction (EVR) method, nine polypectomies utilized endo-looping or clipping methods, and 11 patients underwent surgery.
  • Results
    We obtained en bloc resection with the EVR method in all cases; histology confirmed the correct indication for endoscopic resection in all cases. Moreover, no early or delayed complications were observed, and no patient required hospitalization. Using endo-looping or clipping methods, we observed advanced histology in 1/9 (11.1%) cases, while another patient (1/9, 11.1%) had delayed bleeding. Among patients who underwent surgery, 5/11 (45.5%) were deemed overtreated and three had post-surgical complications.
  • Conclusions
    We propose EVR as an alternative technique for giant polyp resection due to its safety, effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and the advantage of avoiding the need to postpone polypectomy to a later time. Further prospective studies might help improve this experience and enhance the technique.
Large polyps—including those larger than 30 mm, which are defined as “giants”—pose a significant technical challenge as special skills are required for their removal.1 Polyp size is directly correlated with an increased risk of carcinoma.2,3 A thorough examination of the polyp is crucial, particularly in the case of a giant polyp, to determine the best approach for its removal and the possibility of endoscopic resection.4 Three parameters should be evaluated before endoscopic resection: morphology, pit pattern, and vascular pattern, all of which correlate with histology. The morphologic type of superficial lesions is established using the Parigi-Kyoto classification.5 Various types of pit patterns are determined by the microstructure of colonic mucosa on the polyp’s surface. The invasive growth of a de novo carcinoma is usually away from the surface rather than towards it; however, a disorganized or “nonstructural” pattern seems to correspond to carcinomas with a submucosal invasion, including de novo lesions.6 Finally, the examination of colonic mucosa on the polyps’ surface is optimally conducted through magnifying chromoendoscopy for the vascular pattern, where indigo carmine was originally used to delineate the mucosal pattern,7,8 and magnifying virtual chromoendoscopy, utilizing narrow-band imaging to enhance the mucosal pattern.9 Both modalities frequently use Kudo’s classification as the criteria to diagnose neoplasia. This provides the basis for real-time decisions during ongoing colonoscopy.10-12
In addition to morphology, pit, and vascular patterns, two other factors must also be considered before polyp removal: the polyp size (as previously mentioned) and prevention of complications. High-grade dysplasia is reported in up to 35% of villous adenomas that are greater than 1 cm in size.13,14 The likelihood of encountering invasive cancer increases with growing polyp size and approaches 85% in sessile polyps larger than 4 cm.15,16 However, large polyps can remain benign, despite their dimensions.17-19 In some cases, no obvious areas of invasion may be present even if the polyp contains focally invasive carcinoma. The incidence of high-grade dysplasia and invasive carcinoma increases with increasing polyp size and percentage of villous components.17,20
Preventing complications is a landmark in the management of giant polyps. The most frequent complications include postpolypectomy bleeding, perforation, and technical difficulties in removing giant polyps.21,22 Previous studies recognized some features related to postpolypectomy bleeding, including polyp size, position in the right colon, sessile morphology, number of polyps, comorbidities, endoscopist’s experience, and the use of antiplatelet/anticoagulant drugs.23,24 To decrease such risk, saline solution injection, epinephrine injection, and the use of endoloops (Olympus America) were recommended.25-27 Nevertheless, placing an endoscopic endoloop around the stalk owing to the large dimensions is often difficult and involves a risk of entrapment.28 For these reasons, a sculpt-down resection may be necessary to fully evaluate the pedicle or base of the polyp, and surgery is needed in some cases.29,30
Although multiple techniques for giant polyp excision were proposed, controlled trials do not support one optimal method.31 Some techniques for endoscopic resection of colorectal tumors32-37 include the ‘sculpting down’ polypectomy, the endoscopic resection through a retroflexed scope, clipping before polypectomy, and the epinephrine volume reduction (EVR). Finally, certain giant polyps may require surgery for their removal.
The primary aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the management of a large series of giant polyps in a sample of adult patients who underwent colonoscopy for screening purposes. Secondary aims were to compare the efficacy and side effects of different resection techniques.
This retrospective study was conducted between January 2020 and December 2021 at San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, a first-level endoscopic center in Campania, Italy. All patients undergoing the regional screening program for colorectal cancer prevention who were diagnosed with giant colonic polyps were recruited. No exclusion criteria were considered.
The central department database was used to identify the cases. A medical record was completed for all enrolled patients. Demographic and clinical data included the patient’s age, sex, and possible comorbidities. Moreover, we collected the features of the resected giant polyps, including shape, size, colonic site, pit, and vascular patterns. Estimating the size can be difficult as endoscopists frequently overestimate the in vivo size. Empirically, estimation was performed with an open 35 mm snare and ruler measurement immediately after excision and fixation in formalin. Finally, we recorded the resection technique along with possible complications, the polyp histological analysis report, and the eventual 1-year recurrence.
The EVR technique was performed by injecting 4 to 8 mL of 1:10,000 epinephrine solution into the head of the polyp at two to four sites. Variceal needles (23 gauge) were used for the injections. An immediate blanching of the head was noted following the injection. Subsequently, 2 to 4 mL of epinephrine were injected into the stalk at two or more sites. A dramatic volume reduction was achieved after 3 to 5 minutes.
Study data were entered into Excel spreadsheets (Microsoft Inc.) and analyzed with GraphPad PRISM software ver. 5.1 (GraphPad Software Inc.) and R ver. 3.6.0 software (R Foundation for Statistical Computing) environment for statistical computing. Quantitative variables were expressed as the mean±standard deviation while frequencies and percentages were used for categorical variables. Statistical analyses were performed using the chi-squared test or the Fisher exact test, as deemed appropriate, to analyze differences in clinical presentation (symptomatic vs. asymptomatic). The odds ratio was computed to assess the association between the different study variables and the rate of complications. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant and the odds ratio was calculated with a 95% confidence interval.
Ethical statement
The study was approved by the “Cardarelli-Santobono” independent Ethics Committee (No. 23/2018) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Guidelines for Good Clinical Practice. Informed patient consent was not obtained owing to the study's nature and the absence of specific or demographic data recording.
During the regional screening program, we detected a total of 38 giant polyps out of 700 endoscopies (5.4%). Polyps were identified in 25 male and 13 female patients (mean age±standard deviation: 64.5±8.4 years, age range: 50–70 years). The mean size of the polyps (maximum diameter) was 3.6 cm. Furthermore, 32/38 polyps (84.2%) were pedunculated while 6/38 (15.8%) were sessile. The shape, size, pit and vascular patterns, colonic site, and histological features of each polyp are listed in Table 1.
Eighteen polypectomies were performed with the EVR method, nine polypectomies used endo-looping/clipping methods, and 11 patients underwent surgery. We used colonoscope EXERA II 190 to perform pancolonoscopies. In 30 cases, the instrument was replaced by a gastroscope to obtain an improved control of resection for evaluating the exact morphology of the polyps. This substitution was particularly necessary for lesions often located in diverticular sigma.
The EVR method allowed an en bloc resection in 18/18 polyps (100%) (Fig. 1). An injection in the head of the polyp was performed after an assessment of polyp morphology and size. The exam was completed with the eventual change of the endoscope. Histological analysis confirmed the accurate indication for endoscopic resection in all cases: only 5/18 (27.8%) polyps were identified with advanced histology (Haggitt 1). Moreover, no early or delayed complications were observed, and no patient required hospitalization (Table 1).
The endo-looping and clipping method allowed an en bloc resection in only 5/9 cases (55.6%). In the remaining cases, the sculpt-down technique was performed. Histological analysis confirmed the accurate indication for endoscopic resection in all cases: only 1/9 (11.1%) polyps were discovered with advanced histology (Haggitt 2). Finally, 1/9 (11.1%) patients had delayed bleeding after 4 days, yet this was spontaneously resolved (Table 1).
Among the 11 patients that underwent surgical polyp resection, 3/10 were diagnosed with colorectal cancer, 7/10 were deemed overtreated, and three had post-surgical complications.
None of the 38 study patients experienced a polyp recurrence at a 1-year follow-up (Table 1).
In our study, the EVR technique was demonstrated to be a safe and effective therapeutic option for giant polyp endoscopic resection, displaying better outcomes in comparison to other endoscopic techniques such as endo-loop placement. Moreover, fewer complications were recorded in our patients treated with this approach compared to those treated with endo-looping and surgery.
The management of giant colonic polyps during endoscopy may be challenging as these polyps are uncommon and exposure during training is limited. Concerns regarding incomplete resection, coexistent malignancy, and safety make the removal of giant polyps controversial. In cases of poor visualization of the stalk, significant reduction of polyp volume by piecemeal resection may be necessary before complete removal can be safely performed.
Endoscopic treatment is an effective therapy for large colorectal neoplasia and may be performed as en bloc or through piecemeal resection, depending on lesion morphology or local expertise, although en bloc resection should generally be preferred.38,39 The choice of the endoscopic removal technique is very important because it provides a resection specimen for precise histopathologic staging to further direct diagnosis, prognosis, and management decisions.
The EVR technique results in optimal control of polyp resection and of the overall operatory field by achieving a volume reduction of 25% in the diameter of a sphere which equates to an almost 60% reduction in volume. Quantifying polyp sizes is difficult, especially if they are more than 3 cm. Indeed, precise measurement is not as essential as having a good vision of the totality of the lesion and the possibility of an en-bloc resection. Polyp size reduction leads to a consequential reduction in the associated risk of bleeding. Epinephrine injection, the use of endoloops, and endoclipping are generally necessary for giant polyps resection to reduce the risk of bleeding because the feeding artery is often large and difficult to cauterize.34,40-42 However, up to 24% of post-procedural bleeding is reported in the scientific literature after EVR.34
No relapse was observed during our 1-year endoscopic follow-up. This might be another step towards endoscopic EVR becoming the standard treatment for giant polyps, instead of surgical procedures (conventional or laparoscopic resection or transanal excision), especially in patients with severe illnesses and elevated risk for surgery and anesthesia. The risk of residual tumor or nodal metastases for giant polyps meeting favorable criteria must be balanced against a mortality risk of 0.2% to 2% of elective colon surgery, which additionally increases with age.
The EVR technique is also suitable for the diverticular disease of the colon; indeed, the presence of diverticula renders the placement of an endoloop relatively contraindicated, as it exacerbates the necessity for subsequent resections, requiring a significant number of sculpt-down procedures. Furthermore, the application of the EVR technique for laterally spreading tumors is debatable since they do not have a single vascular axis and an excess of epinephrine may be needed for an adequate result.
The EVR technique is a cheap intervention that is particularly suitable for peripheral centers. In addition, EVR allows a single-stage removal of the lesion without the need to repeat the colonoscopy, thus increasing patient compliance and decreasing costs.
In conclusion, we propose EVR as an alternative technique for giant polyp resection, due to the safety, effectiveness, and cost-efficiency of the procedure. Additionally, EVR provides the advantage of not delaying the polypectomy to a later time. The results of our study are encouraging although the sample size is relatively small. Further prospective studies could enhance this experience, refine the technique, and yield meaningful data.
Fig. 1.
Endoscopic images of the epinephrine volume reduction techniques. (A) A giant pedunculated polyp in sigmoid colon. (B) Epinephrine volume reduction. (C) One time polypectomy.
ce-2023-229f1.jpg
ce-2023-229f2.jpg
Table 1.
Specific features of giant polyps along with their management and outcome
Sex Age (yr) Size (cm) Shape Colonic site Pit pattern (Kudo) Vascular pattern (NICE) Removal technique Histology Complication 1-year recurrence
M 70 4 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
F 53 3 Is Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
F 80 3 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR Haggit 1 None None
M 52 4 Is Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
M 63 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
M 67 3.5 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
M 64 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
F 62 4 Is Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
F 70 3 Is Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR Haggit 1 None Yes
M 63 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
F 76 4 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR Haggit 1 None None
F 53 4 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
M 73 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
M 72 3 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
M 69 3 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR Haggit 1 None None
M 63 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
F 57 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
F 75 3 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR Haggit1 None None
M 64 5 Ip Sigmoid III 2 E HGD None None
M 65 5 Ip Sigmoid III 2 E LGD Delayed bleeding None
F 66 5 Is Sigmoid III–L 2 E+SD HGD None None
M 55 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 E HGD None None
F 62 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 SD Haggit 2 None None
M 64 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 Cpost HGD None None
M 60 4 Ip Sigmoid III 2 Cpre+SD HGD None None
M 64 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 Cpre, post+SD HGD None None
M 74 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 Cpost+SD Kikushi 1 None None
F 68 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 Cpre, post+SD HGD None None
F 36 3 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 S Haggit 2 None None
M 68 3 Ip Sigmoid IV 2 S Cancer None None
M 80 4 Isp Sigmoid IV–V 2–3 S Cancer None None
F 66 3 Ip Sigmoid IV 2 S Kikushi 2 None None
F 58 3.5 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S HGD None None
M 66 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S HGD Yes None
F 58 4 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S HGD None None
M 64 4 Is Sigmoid III–IV 2 S Haggit 1 None None
M 65 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 S Haggit 2 Yes None
M 63 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S Haggit 1 None None
M 66 3 Ip Sigmoid IV 2 S Cancer Yes None

NICE, narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic; M, male; F, female; EVR, epinephrine volume reduction; E, endoloop; SD, sculpt down; S, surgery; C, clipping; LGD, low grade dysplasia; HGD, high-grade dysplasia.

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      Clinical Endoscopy.2024; 57(4): 468.     CrossRef

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    Endoscopic management of giant colonic polyps: a retrospective Italian study
    Image Image
    Fig. 1. Endoscopic images of the epinephrine volume reduction techniques. (A) A giant pedunculated polyp in sigmoid colon. (B) Epinephrine volume reduction. (C) One time polypectomy.
    Graphical abstract
    Endoscopic management of giant colonic polyps: a retrospective Italian study
    Sex Age (yr) Size (cm) Shape Colonic site Pit pattern (Kudo) Vascular pattern (NICE) Removal technique Histology Complication 1-year recurrence
    M 70 4 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
    F 53 3 Is Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
    F 80 3 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR Haggit 1 None None
    M 52 4 Is Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
    M 63 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
    M 67 3.5 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
    M 64 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
    F 62 4 Is Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
    F 70 3 Is Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR Haggit 1 None Yes
    M 63 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
    F 76 4 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR Haggit 1 None None
    F 53 4 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR HGD None None
    M 73 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
    M 72 3 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR HGD None None
    M 69 3 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 EVR Haggit 1 None None
    M 63 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
    F 57 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 EVR HGD None None
    F 75 3 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 EVR Haggit1 None None
    M 64 5 Ip Sigmoid III 2 E HGD None None
    M 65 5 Ip Sigmoid III 2 E LGD Delayed bleeding None
    F 66 5 Is Sigmoid III–L 2 E+SD HGD None None
    M 55 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 E HGD None None
    F 62 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 SD Haggit 2 None None
    M 64 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 Cpost HGD None None
    M 60 4 Ip Sigmoid III 2 Cpre+SD HGD None None
    M 64 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 Cpre, post+SD HGD None None
    M 74 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 Cpost+SD Kikushi 1 None None
    F 68 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 Cpre, post+SD HGD None None
    F 36 3 Ip Sigmoid III–L 2 S Haggit 2 None None
    M 68 3 Ip Sigmoid IV 2 S Cancer None None
    M 80 4 Isp Sigmoid IV–V 2–3 S Cancer None None
    F 66 3 Ip Sigmoid IV 2 S Kikushi 2 None None
    F 58 3.5 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S HGD None None
    M 66 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S HGD Yes None
    F 58 4 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S HGD None None
    M 64 4 Is Sigmoid III–IV 2 S Haggit 1 None None
    M 65 4 Ip Sigmoid III–IV 2 S Haggit 2 Yes None
    M 63 3 Ip Sigmoid III 2 S Haggit 1 None None
    M 66 3 Ip Sigmoid IV 2 S Cancer Yes None
    Table 1. Specific features of giant polyps along with their management and outcome

    NICE, narrow-band imaging international colorectal endoscopic; M, male; F, female; EVR, epinephrine volume reduction; E, endoloop; SD, sculpt down; S, surgery; C, clipping; LGD, low grade dysplasia; HGD, high-grade dysplasia.


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