Clinical Endoscopy

Reviews

Multidisciplinary and Multisociety Practice Guideline on Reprocessing Flexible Gastrointestinal Endoscopes and Endoscopic Accessories: Dae Young Cheung, Byung Ik Jang, Sang Wook Kim, Jie-Hyun Kim, Hyung Keun Kim, Jeong Eun Shin, Won Jae Yoon, Yong Kang Lee, Kwang Hyun Chung, Soo-Jeong Cho, Hyun Phil Shin, Sun Young Cho, Woon Geon Shin, Kee Don Choi, Byung-Wook Kim, Joong Goo Kwon, Hee Chan Yang, Tae-Geun Gweon, Hyun Gun Kim, Dong-Won Ahn, Kwang Bum Cho, Sun Hee Kim, Kyong Hwa Hwang, Hee Hyuk Im; Clin Endosc 2020;53(3):276-285. Published online May 29, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2020.106

The area of endoscopic application has been continuously expanded since its introduction in the last century and the frequency of its use also increased stiffly in the last decades. Because gastrointestinal endoscopy is naturally exposed to diseased internal organs and contact with pathogenic materials, endoscopy mediated infection or disease transmission becomes a major concern in this field. Gastrointestinal endoscopy is not for single use and the proper reprocessing process is a critical factor for safe and reliable endoscopy procedures. What needed in these circumstances is a practical guideline for reprocessing the endoscope and its accessories which is feasible in the real clinical field to guarantee acceptable prevention of pathogen transmission. This guideline contains principles and instructions of the reprocessing procedure according to the step by step. And it newly includes general information and updated knowledge about endoscopy-mediated infection and disinfection. Multiple societies and working groups participated to revise; Korean Association for the Study of the Liver, the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases, Korean College of Helicobacter and Upper Gastrointestinal Research, the Korean Society of Gastroenterology, Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases, Korean Pancreatobiliary Association, the Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Nurses and Associates and Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Through this cooperation, we enhanced communication and established a better concordance. We still need more researches in this field and fill up the unproven area. And our guidelines will be renewed accordingly.

Citations

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Dong Jun Oh, Yea Je Lee, Sang Hoon Kim, Joowon Chung, Hyun Seok Lee, Ji Hyung Nam, Yun Jeong Lim, Thomas Lui Ka Luen
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(5): e0295774. CrossRef
Current status of the gastric cancer screening program in Korea
Young-Il Kim, Il Ju Choi
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(5): 250. CrossRef
Reducing the environmental footprint of gastrointestinal endoscopy: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) and European Society of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Nurses and Associates (ESGENA) Position Statement
Enrique Rodríguez de Santiago, Mario Dinis-Ribeiro, Heiko Pohl, Deepak Agrawal, Marianna Arvanitakis, Robin Baddeley, Elzbieta Bak, Pradeep Bhandari, Michael Bretthauer, Patricia Burga, Leigh Donnelly, Axel Eickhoff, Bu'Hussain Hayee, Michal F. Kaminski,
Endoscopy.2022; 54(08): 797. CrossRef
Current Evidence for a Paradigm Shift in Gastric Cancer Prevention From Endoscopic Screening toHelicobacter pyloriEradication in Korea
Young-Il Kim, Il Ju Choi
Journal of Gastric Cancer.2022; 22(3): 169. CrossRef
General guideline in the endoscopy room to avoid air-borne infection during the COVID-19 pandemic
Kwang Hyun Chung, Soo-Jeong Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 688. CrossRef
Efficacy of a novel channel-cleaning ball brush for endoscope reprocessing: a randomized controlled trial
Kwang Hyun Chung, Jeong Don Chae, Wonho Choe, Hyo Young Lee, Il Hwan Oh, Byoung Kwan Son
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 674. CrossRef
Endoscopes that Complete Pre-Cleaning may be Stored Overnight until Next Morning for the Subsequent Reprocessing
Soo-Jeong Cho
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(4): 449. CrossRef
Accreditation program for gastrointestinal endoscopes reprocessing in Italy: An on-site survey
Giancarlo Spinzi, Angelo Milano, Piero Brosolo, Paola Da Massa Carrara, Maurizio Labardi, Alberto Merighi, Luisa Riccardi, Francesco Torresan, Maurizio Capelli
Endoscopy International Open.2021; 09(11): E1627. CrossRef
Sans Standardization: Effective Endoscope Reprocessing
Sameer K. Avasarala, Lawrence F. Muscarella, Atul C. Mehta
Respiration.2021; 100(12): 1208. CrossRef

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Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Guidelines for Endoscope Reprocessing: Byoung Kwan Son, Byung-Wook Kim, Won Hee Kim, Dae-Sung Myung, Young-Seok Cho, Byung Ik Jang, The Disinfection Management and Conscious Sedation Committee of Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy; Clin Endosc 2017;50(2):143-147. Published online March 17, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2017.029

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (KSGE) issued guidelines for endoscope reprocessing for the first time in 1995, and the version of the guidelines was updated in August 2009, August 2012, and March 2015. Guidelines for endoscope reprocessing should be revised continuously, because new disinfectants and devices are developed and introduced. The current official version of the KSGE guidelines for endoscope reprocessing is explained herein to assist the reader in understanding the KSGE requirements for cleaning and disinfecting endoscopes.

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Comparison of channel sampling methods and brush heads in surveillance culture of endoscope reprocessing: A propensity score matching and paired study
Xue-Yue Ji, Pei-Yong Ning, Chun-Nan Fei, Jia Song, Xue-Mei Dou, Nan-Nan Zhang, Jun Liu, He Liu
Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 28(1): 46. CrossRef
Altered Gastric Microbiota and Inflammatory Cytokine Responses in Patients with Helicobacter pylori-Negative Gastric Cancer
Han-Na Kim, Min-Jeong Kim, Jonathan P. Jacobs, Hyo-Joon Yang
Nutrients.2022; 14(23): 4981. CrossRef
Efficacy of a novel channel-cleaning ball brush for endoscope reprocessing: a randomized controlled trial
Kwang Hyun Chung, Jeong Don Chae, Wonho Choe, Hyo Young Lee, Il Hwan Oh, Byoung Kwan Son
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(5): 674. CrossRef
Guidelines for accreditation of endoscopy units: quality measures from the Korean Society of Coloproctology
Rumi Shin, Seongdae Lee, Kyung-Su Han, Dae Kyung Sohn, Sang Hui Moon, Dong Hyun Choi, Bong-Hyeon Kye, Hae-Jung Son, Sun Il Lee, Sumin Si, Won-Kyung Kang
Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research.2021; 100(3): 154. CrossRef
Guidelines for Cancer Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea
Jii Bum Lee, Minkyu Jung, June Hyuk Kim, Bo Hyun Kim, Yeol Kim, Young Seok Kim, Byung Chang Kim, Jin Kim, Sung Ho Moon, Keon-Uk Park, Meerim Park, Hyeon Jin Park, Sung Hoon Sim, Hong Man Yoon, Soo Jung Lee, Eunyoung Lee, June Young Chun, Youn Kyung Chung,
Cancer Research and Treatment.2021; 53(2): 323. CrossRef
The Effectiveness of Drying on Residual Droplets, Microorganisms, and Biofilms in Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing: A Systematic Review
Hefeng Tian, Jiao Sun, Shaoning Guo, Xuanrui Zhu, Han Feng, Yijin Zhuang, Xiu Wang, Konstantinos Triantafyllou
Gastroenterology Research and Practice.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Does the Reprocessing of Endoscopes Have to Take Place Immediately after Pre-Cleaning? A First Evaluation
Vanessa M Eichel, Jonas M Jabs, Samy Unser, Nico T Mutters, Martin Scherrer
Clinical Endoscopy.2021; 54(4): 526. CrossRef
Ambient air pollution in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit
Chang Seok Bang, Keunwook Lee, Young Joo Yang, Gwang Ho Baik
Surgical Endoscopy.2020; 34(9): 3795. CrossRef
Updates on the Disinfection and Infection Control Process of the Accredited Endoscopy Unit
Jeong Eun Shin, Yunho Jung, Jeong Hoon Lee, Byoung Kwan Son, Jae-Young Jang, Hyung-Keun Kim, Byung Ik Jang
Clinical Endoscopy.2019; 52(5): 443. CrossRef
Ambient air pollution in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit; rationale and design of a prospective study
Chang Seok Bang, Keunwook Lee, Jae Ho Choi, Jae Seung Soh, Ji Young Hong, Gwang Ho Baik, Dong Joon Kim
Medicine.2018; 97(49): e13600. CrossRef

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Focused Review Series: Endoscopic Disinfection in the Era of MERS

Current Issues in Duodenoscope-Associated Infections: Now Is the Time to Take Action: Junghoon Ha, Byoung Kwan Son; Clin Endosc 2015;48(5):361-363. Published online September 30, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2015.48.5.361

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

A duodenoscope has a very complex structure that contains many small parts which make reprocessing more challenging. The difficulty in cleaning duodenoscopes contributes to a higher risk of infection than that of conventional gastrointestinal endoscopes. However, a duodenoscope shares similar disinfection process with other gastrointestinal endoscopes. Recent outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) infections associated with duodenoscopes used for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures have raised many concerns worldwide. Duodenoscope-associated infections involving CRE or other multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a great threat to patients undergoing procedures using duodenoscopes and should be dealt with a great concern. Updated guidelines regarding cleaning and disinfection of duodenoscope needs to be developed urgently to prevent transmission of infection and ensure patient safety. Meanwhile, healthcare staff should pay special attention to thorough cleaning and disinfection of duodenoscopes.

Citations

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ERCP with single-use disposable duodenoscopes in four different set-ups
Ronja Lagström, Svend Knuhtsen, Trine Stigaard, Mustafa Bulut
BMJ Case Reports.2023; 16(2): e251514. CrossRef
Disposable duodenoscopes. Is healthcare system affordability the main hindrance?
Enrique Vázquez-Sequeiros, Juan Ángel González Martín, Agustín Albillos Martínez
Revista Española de Enfermedades Digestivas.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Storage of gastrointestinal endoscopes: when is the safe time for re-use?
Naiara Bussolotti Garcia, Adriana Cristina de Oliveira
Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Single Use (Disposable) Duodenoscope: Recent Development and Future
Kihyun Ryu, Sunguk Jang
Clinical Endoscopy.2022; 55(2): 191. CrossRef
Duodenoscope-related infections: patient-ready versus single-use duodenoscopes. Is a new era for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography on the horizon?
Damiano BISOGNI, Roberto MANETTI, Luca TALAMUCCI, Michele ROSSI, Fabio STADERINI, Maurizio MORONI, Fabio CIANCHI
Minerva Surgery.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Results of duodenoscope culture and quarantine after manufacturer-recommended cleaning process
Jacob A. Mark, Karin Underberg, Robert E. Kramer
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2020; 91(6): 1328. CrossRef
Elevating the standard of endoscope processing: Terminal sterilization of duodenoscopes using a hydrogen peroxide–ozone sterilizer
Vanessa Molloy-Simard, Jean-Luc Lemyre, Karine Martel, Bradley J. Catalone
American Journal of Infection Control.2019; 47(3): 243. CrossRef
Getting to zero: Enhanced reprocessing and future directions
M. Phillip Fejleh, Jennifer Phan, Neil B. Marya, Stephen Kim, Zachary A. Rubin, V. Raman Muthusamy
Techniques in Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2019; 21(4): 150626. CrossRef
Duodenoscope-Associated Infections: A Literature Review and Update
Il Hwan Oh, Byoung Kwan Son
The Korean Journal of Pancreas and Biliary Tract.2018; 23(4): 145. CrossRef

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Original Article

Comparison on the Efficacy of Disinfectants Used in Automated Endoscope Reprocessors: PHMB-DBAC versus Orthophthalaldehyde: Sun Young Kim, Hong Sik Lee, Jong Jin Hyun, Min Ho Seo, Sun Young Yim, Ha Young Oh, Hye Sook Kim, Bora Keum, Yeon Seok Seo, Yong Sik Kim, Yoon Tae Jeen, Hoon Jai Chun, Soon Ho Um, Chang Duck Kim, Ho Sang Ryu; Clin Endosc 2011;44(2):109-115. Published online December 31, 2011; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5946/ce.2011.44.2.109

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims

Since endoscopes are reusable apparatus classified as semicritical item, thorough reprocessing to achieve high-level disinfection is of utmost importance to prevent spread of infection. To improve disinfection efficacy and safety, disinfectants and endoscope reprocessors are continuously evolving. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of the combination of polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (PHMB-DBAC) and orthophthalaldehyde (OPA) used respectively in ultrasonographic cleaning incorporated automated endoscope reprocessors: COOLENDO (APEX Korea) or OER-A (Olympus Optical).

Methods

A total of 86 flexible upper endoscopes were randomly reprocessed with either COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC or OER-A/OPA. Culture samplings were done at two sites (endoscope tip and working channel) which were later incubated on blood agar plate. Bacterial colonies were counted and identified.

Results

The culture-positive rate at the endoscope tip and working channel was 0% and 2.33% for COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC and 4.65% and 0% for OER-A/OPA. Staphylococcus hominis was cultured from one endoscope reprocessed with COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC and Pseudomonas putida was isolated from two endoscopes reprocessed with OER-A/OPA.

Conclusions

The reprocessing efficacy of COOLENDO/PHMB-DBAC was non-inferior to that of OER-A/OPA (p=0.032; confidence interval, -0.042 to 0.042). During the study period, significant side effect of PHMB-DBAC was not observed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Recommendations and guidelines for endoscope reprocessing: Current position statement of digestive endoscopic society of Taiwan
Wei-Kuo Chang, Chen-Ling Peng, Yen-Wei Chen, Cheuk-Kay Sun, Chieh-Chang Chen, Tao-Chieh Liu, Yin-Yi Chu, I-Fang Tsai, Chen-Shuan Chung, Hsiao-Fen Lin, Fang-Yu Hsu, Wei-Chen Tai, Hsi-Chang Lee, Hsu-Heng Yen, E-Ming Wang, Shu-Hui Chen, Cheng-Hsin Chu, Ming-
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection.2024; 57(2): 211. CrossRef
Antibacterial Activity of Tannic Acid and Tannic Acid/Amphiphilic Cationic Polymer Mixtures
Fatimah M. Alzahrani, Stephen G. Yeates, Michelle Webb, Hind Ali Alghamdi
Asian Journal of Chemistry.2020; 32(6): 1491. CrossRef
Antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm under combined exposure of glutaraldehyde, near-infrared light, and 405-nm laser
Van Nam Tran, Chakradhar Dasagrandhi, Van Gia Truong, Young-Mog Kim, Hyun Wook Kang, Michael R. Hamblin
PLOS ONE.2018; 13(8): e0202821. CrossRef
Comparison of the efficacy of disinfectants in automated endoscope reprocessors for colonoscopes: tertiary amine compound (Sencron2®) versus ortho-phthalaldehyde (Cidex®OPA)
Hyun Il Seo, Dae Sung Lee, Eun Mi Yoon, Min-Jung Kwon, Hyosoon Park, Yoon Suk Jung, Jung Ho Park, Chong Il Sohn, Dong Il Park
Intestinal Research.2016; 14(2): 178. CrossRef
Role of Clinical Endoscopy in Emphasizing Endoscope Disinfection
Ji Kon Ryu, Eun Young Kim, Kwang An Kwon, Il Ju Choi, Ki Baik Hahm
Clinical Endoscopy.2015; 48(5): 351. CrossRef
Recent Update of Gastrointestinal Endoscope Reprocessing
Kyong Hee Hong, Yun Jeong Lim
Clinical Endoscopy.2013; 46(3): 267. CrossRef
Steps of Reprocessing and Equipments
Yong Kook Lee, Jeong Bae Park
Clinical Endoscopy.2013; 46(3): 274. CrossRef
The antibiofilm effects of Byotrol™ G32
N. Govindji, P. Wills, M. Upton, N. Tirelli, S. Yeates, M. Webb
Journal of Applied Microbiology.2013; 114(5): 1285. CrossRef

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